From: <Saved by Mozilla 5.0 (Windows)>
Subject: The GNU C Library
Date: Mon, 02 Dec 2013 16:13:08 -0200
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset="windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/
X-MAF-Information: Produced By MAF V3.0.0

<html lang=3D"en"><head>
<meta http-equiv=3D"content-type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1=
252">
<meta http-equiv=3D"content-type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1=
252">
<title>The GNU C Library</title>
<meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1=
252">
<meta name=3D"description" content=3D"The GNU C Library">
<meta name=3D"generator" content=3D"makeinfo 4.13">
<link title=3D"Top" rel=3D"start" href=3D"#Top">
<link href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel=3D"generator-home"=
 title=3D"Texinfo Homepage">
<!--
This file documents the GNU C Library.

This is
`The GNU C Library Reference Manual', for version
2.18.

Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.3 or any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being "Free Software
Needs Free Documentation" and "GNU Lesser General Public License",
the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover
Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to
copy and modify this GNU manual.  Buying copies from the FSF
supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom."-->
<meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Style-Type" content=3D"text/css">
<style type=3D"text/css"><!--

/* Effective stylesheet produced by snapshot save */

--></style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class=3D"settitle">The GNU C Library</h1>
<div class=3D"shortcontents">
<h2>Short Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Top">Main Menu</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Error-Reporting">2 Error Reporting</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Memory">3 Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Character-Handling">4 Character Handling</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_String-and-Array-Utilities">5 String and Array Utilities</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Character-Set-Handling">6 Character Set Handling</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Locales">7 Locales and Internationalization</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Message-Translation">8 Message Translation</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Searching-and-Sorting">9 Searching and Sorting</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Pattern-Matching">10 Pattern Matching</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_I_002fO-Overview">11 Input/Output Overview</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_I_002fO-on-Streams">12 Input/Output on Streams</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Low_002dLevel-I_002fO">13 Low-Level Input/Output</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_File-System-Interface">14 File System Interface</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Pipes-and-FIFOs">15 Pipes and FIFOs</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Sockets">16 Sockets</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface">17 Low-Level Terminal Interface</a><=
/li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Syslog">18 Syslog</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Mathematics">19 Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Arithmetic">20 Arithmetic Functions</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Date-and-Time">21 Date and Time</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Resource-Usage-And-Limitation">22 Resource Usage And Limitation</a></l=
i>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Non_002dLocal-Exits">23 Non-Local Exits</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Signal-Handling">24 Signal Handling</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Program-Basics">25 The Basic Program/System Interface</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Processes">26 Processes</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Job-Control">27 Job Control</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Name-Service-Switch">28 System Databases and Name Service Switch</a></=
li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Users-and-Groups">29 Users and Groups</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_System-Management">30 System Management</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_System-Configuration">31 System Configuration Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Cryptographic-Functions">32 DES Encryption and Password Handling</a></=
li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Debugging-Support">33 Debugging support</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_POSIX-Threads">34 POSIX Threads</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Language-Features">Appendix A C Language Facilities in the Library</a>=
</li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Library-Summary">Appendix B Summary of Library Facilities</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Installation">Appendix C Installing the GNU C Library</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Maintenance">Appendix D Library Maintenance</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Platform">Appendix E Platform-specific facilities</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Contributors">Appendix F Contributors to the GNU C Library</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Free-Manuals">Appendix G Free Software Needs Free Documentation</a></l=
i>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Copying">Appendix H GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Documentation-License">Appendix I GNU Free Documentation License</a></=
li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Type-Index">Type Index</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Function-Index">Function and Macro Index</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_Variable-Index">Variable and Constant Macro Index</a></li>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/index.html=
#toc_File-Index">Program and File Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>



   <div class=3D"contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name=3D"toc_Top" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/htm=
l_node/index.html#Top">Main Menu</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Introduction" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/l=
ibc/manual/html_node/Introduction.html#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getting-St=
arted.html#Getting-Started">1.1 Getting Started</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ards-and-Portability.html#Standards-and-Portability">1.2 Standards and Port=
ability</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/ISO-C.html=
#ISO-C">1.2.1 ISO C</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX=
.html#POSIX">1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Berke=
ley-Unix.html#Berkeley-Unix">1.2.3 Berkeley Unix</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/SVID.=
html#SVID">1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/XPG.h=
tml#XPG">1.2.5 XPG (The X/Open Portability Guide)</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-the-Library.html#Using-the-Library">1.3 Using the Library</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Header-Fil=
es.html#Header-Files">1.3.1 Header Files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Macro=
-Definitions.html#Macro-Definitions">1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Reser=
ved-Names.html#Reserved-Names">1.3.3 Reserved Names</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Featu=
re-Test-Macros.html#Feature-Test-Macros">1.3.4 Feature Test Macros</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Roadm=
ap-to-the-Manual.html#Roadmap-to-the-Manual">1.4 Roadmap to the Manual</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Error-Reporting" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softwar=
e/libc/manual/html_node/Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">2 Error Repor=
ting</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Checking-f=
or-Errors.html#Checking-for-Errors">2.1 Checking for Errors</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
-Codes.html#Error-Codes">2.2 Error Codes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
-Messages.html#Error-Messages">2.3 Error Messages</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Memory" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/ma=
nual/html_node/Memory.html#Memory">3 Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging</=
a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memory-Con=
cepts.html#Memory-Concepts">3.1 Process Memory Concepts</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memor=
y-Allocation.html#Memory-Allocation">3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Dat=
a</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memory-All=
ocation-and-C.html#Memory-Allocation-and-C">3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Pr=
ograms</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memory-All=
ocation-and-C.html#Memory-Allocation-and-C">3.2.1.1 Dynamic Memory Allocati=
on</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Uncon=
strained-Allocation.html#Unconstrained-Allocation">3.2.2 Unconstrained Allo=
cation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Basic-Allo=
cation.html#Basic-Allocation">3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mallo=
c-Examples.html#Malloc-Examples">3.2.2.2 Examples of <code>malloc</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Freei=
ng-after-Malloc.html#Freeing-after-Malloc">3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated=
 with <code>malloc</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chang=
ing-Block-Size.html#Changing-Block-Size">3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Blo=
ck</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloc=
ating-Cleared-Space.html#Allocating-Cleared-Space">3.2.2.5 Allocating Clear=
ed Space</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Effic=
iency-and-Malloc.html#Efficiency-and-Malloc">3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerati=
ons for <code>malloc</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Align=
ed-Memory-Blocks.html#Aligned-Memory-Blocks">3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Mem=
ory Blocks</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mallo=
c-Tunable-Parameters.html#Malloc-Tunable-Parameters">3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable=
 Parameters</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Heap-=
Consistency-Checking.html#Heap-Consistency-Checking">3.2.2.9 Heap Consisten=
cy Checking</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hooks=
-for-Malloc.html#Hooks-for-Malloc">3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stati=
stics-of-Malloc.html#Statistics-of-Malloc">3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory=
 Allocation with <code>malloc</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Summa=
ry-of-Malloc.html#Summary-of-Malloc">3.2.2.12 Summary of <code>malloc</code=
>-Related Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloc=
ation-Debugging.html#Allocation-Debugging">3.2.3 Allocation Debugging</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tracing-ma=
lloc.html#Tracing-malloc">3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-the-Memory-Debugger.html#Using-the-Memory-Debugger">3.2.3.2 Example progra=
m excerpts</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tips-=
for-the-Memory-Debugger.html#Tips-for-the-Memory-Debugger">3.2.3.3 Some mor=
e or less clever ideas</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
preting-the-traces.html#Interpreting-the-traces">3.2.3.4 Interpreting the=
 traces</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
cks.html#Obstacks">3.2.4 Obstacks</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-O=
bstacks.html#Creating-Obstacks">3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Prepa=
ring-for-Obstacks.html#Preparing-for-Obstacks">3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using=
 Obstacks</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloc=
ation-in-an-Obstack.html#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">3.2.4.3 Allocation in an=
 Obstack</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Freei=
ng-Obstack-Objects.html#Freeing-Obstack-Objects">3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in=
 an Obstack</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
ck-Functions.html#Obstack-Functions">3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Growi=
ng-Objects.html#Growing-Objects">3.2.4.6 Growing Objects</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Extra=
-Fast-Growing.html#Extra-Fast-Growing">3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Statu=
s-of-an-Obstack.html#Status-of-an-Obstack">3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
cks-Data-Alignment.html#Obstacks-Data-Alignment">3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data=
 in Obstacks</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
ck-Chunks.html#Obstack-Chunks">3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Summa=
ry-of-Obstacks.html#Summary-of-Obstacks">3.2.4.11 Summary of Obstack Functi=
ons</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Size-Automatic.html#Variable-Size-Automatic">3.2.5 Automatic Storage wi=
th Variable Size</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloca-Exa=
mple.html#Alloca-Example">3.2.5.1 <code>alloca</code> Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Advan=
tages-of-Alloca.html#Advantages-of-Alloca">3.2.5.2 Advantages of <code>allo=
ca</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Disad=
vantages-of-Alloca.html#Disadvantages-of-Alloca">3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of=
 <code>alloca</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/GNU-C=
-Variable_002dSize-Arrays.html#GNU-C-Variable_002dSize-Arrays">3.2.5.4 GNU=
 C Variable-Size Arrays</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resiz=
ing-the-Data-Segment.html#Resizing-the-Data-Segment">3.3 Resizing the Data=
 Segment</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Locki=
ng-Pages.html#Locking-Pages">3.4 Locking Pages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-Lock-P=
ages.html#Why-Lock-Pages">3.4.1 Why Lock Pages</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Locke=
d-Memory-Details.html#Locked-Memory-Details">3.4.2 Locked Memory Details</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Page-=
Lock-Functions.html#Page-Lock-Functions">3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock=
 Pages</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Character-Handling" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/soft=
ware/libc/manual/html_node/Character-Handling.html#Character-Handling">4 Ch=
aracter Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Classifica=
tion-of-Characters.html#Classification-of-Characters">4.1 Classification of=
 Characters</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Case-=
Conversion.html#Case-Conversion">4.2 Case Conversion</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Class=
ification-of-Wide-Characters.html#Classification-of-Wide-Characters">4.3 Ch=
aracter class determination for wide characters</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-Wide-Char-Classes.html#Using-Wide-Char-Classes">4.4 Notes on using the wid=
e character classes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Wide-=
Character-Case-Conversion.html#Wide-Character-Case-Conversion">4.5 Mapping=
 of wide characters.</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_String-and-Array-Utilities" href=3D"http://www.gnu.=
org/software/libc/manual/html_node/String-and-Array-Utilities.html#String-a=
nd-Array-Utilities">5 String and Array Utilities</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Representa=
tion-of-Strings.html#Representation-of-Strings">5.1 Representation of Strin=
gs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g_002fArray-Conventions.html#String_002fArray-Conventions">5.2 String and=
 Array Conventions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g-Length.html#String-Length">5.3 String Length</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Copyi=
ng-and-Concatenation.html#Copying-and-Concatenation">5.4 Copying and Concat=
enation</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g_002fArray-Comparison.html#String_002fArray-Comparison">5.5 String/Array=
 Comparison</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Colla=
tion-Functions.html#Collation-Functions">5.6 Collation Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Searc=
h-Functions.html#Search-Functions">5.7 Search Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Search-Fun=
ctions.html#Search-Functions">5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions</=
a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Findi=
ng-Tokens-in-a-String.html#Finding-Tokens-in-a-String">5.8 Finding Tokens=
 in a String</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/strfr=
y.html#strfry">5.9 strfry</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Trivi=
al-Encryption.html#Trivial-Encryption">5.10 Trivial Encryption</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Encod=
e-Binary-Data.html#Encode-Binary-Data">5.11 Encode Binary Data</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argz-=
and-Envz-Vectors.html#Argz-and-Envz-Vectors">5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argz-Funct=
ions.html#Argz-Functions">5.12.1 Argz Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Envz-=
Functions.html#Envz-Functions">5.12.2 Envz Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Character-Set-Handling" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/=
software/libc/manual/html_node/Character-Set-Handling.html#Character-Set-Ha=
ndling">6 Character Set Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Extended-C=
har-Intro.html#Extended-Char-Intro">6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chars=
et-Function-Overview.html#Charset-Function-Overview">6.2 Overview about Cha=
racter Handling Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resta=
rtable-multibyte-conversion.html#Restartable-multibyte-conversion">6.3 Rest=
artable Multibyte Conversion Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Selecting-=
the-Conversion.html#Selecting-the-Conversion">6.3.1 Selecting the conversio=
n and its properties</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Keepi=
ng-the-state.html#Keeping-the-state">6.3.2 Representing the state of the co=
nversion</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conve=
rting-a-Character.html#Converting-a-Character">6.3.3 Converting Single Char=
acters</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conve=
rting-Strings.html#Converting-Strings">6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide=
 Character Strings</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Multi=
byte-Conversion-Example.html#Multibyte-Conversion-Example">6.3.5 A Complete=
 Multibyte Conversion Example</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dreentrant-Conversion.html#Non_002dreentrant-Conversion">6.4 Non-reentran=
t Conversion Function</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_002dre=
entrant-Character-Conversion.html#Non_002dreentrant-Character-Conversion">6=
.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dreentrant-String-Conversion.html#Non_002dreentrant-String-Conversion">6.=
4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Shift=
-State.html#Shift-State">6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Gener=
ic-Charset-Conversion.html#Generic-Charset-Conversion">6.5 Generic Charset=
 Conversion</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Generic-Co=
nversion-Interface.html#Generic-Conversion-Interface">6.5.1 Generic Charact=
er Set Conversion Interface</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/iconv=
-Examples.html#iconv-Examples">6.5.2 A complete <code>iconv</code> example<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-iconv-Implementations.html#Other-iconv-Implementations">6.5.3 Some Details=
 about other <code>iconv</code> Implementations</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/glibc=
-iconv-Implementation.html#glibc-iconv-Implementation">6.5.4 The <code>icon=
v</code> Implementation in the GNU C Library</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/glibc-icon=
v-Implementation.html#glibc-iconv-Implementation">6.5.4.1 Format of <samp><=
span class=3D"file">gconv-modules</span></samp> files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/glibc=
-iconv-Implementation.html#glibc-iconv-Implementation">6.5.4.2 Finding the=
 conversion path in <code>iconv</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/glibc=
-iconv-Implementation.html#glibc-iconv-Implementation">6.5.4.3 <code>iconv<=
/code> module data structures</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/glibc=
-iconv-Implementation.html#glibc-iconv-Implementation">6.5.4.4 <code>iconv<=
/code> module interfaces</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Locales" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/m=
anual/html_node/Locales.html#Locales">7 Locales and Internationalization</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Effects-of=
-Locale.html#Effects-of-Locale">7.1 What Effects a Locale Has</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Choos=
ing-Locale.html#Choosing-Locale">7.2 Choosing a Locale</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
e-Categories.html#Locale-Categories">7.3 Categories of Activities that Loca=
les Affect</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-the-Locale.html#Setting-the-Locale">7.4 How Programs Set the Locale</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Locales.html#Standard-Locales">7.5 Standard Locales</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
e-Information.html#Locale-Information">7.6 Accessing Locale Information</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-Lame-W=
ay-to-Locale-Data.html#The-Lame-Way-to-Locale-Data">7.6.1 <code>localeconv<=
/code>: It is portable but <small class=3D"dots">...</small></a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/General-Nu=
meric.html#General-Numeric">7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Curre=
ncy-Symbol.html#Currency-Symbol">7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sign-=
of-Money-Amount.html#Sign-of-Money-Amount">7.6.1.3 Printing the Sign of a=
 Monetary Amount</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-E=
legant-and-Fast-Way.html#The-Elegant-and-Fast-Way">7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to=
 Locale Data</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tting-Numbers.html#Formatting-Numbers">7.7 A dedicated function to format=
 numbers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Yes_0=
02dor_002dNo-Questions.html#Yes_002dor_002dNo-Questions">7.8 Yes-or-No Ques=
tions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Message-Translation" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/sof=
tware/libc/manual/html_node/Message-Translation.html#Message-Translation">8=
 Message Translation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Message-ca=
talogs-a-la-X_002fOpen.html#Message-catalogs-a-la-X_002fOpen">8.1 X/Open Me=
ssage Catalog Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-catget=
s-Functions.html#The-catgets-Functions">8.1.1 The <code>catgets</code> func=
tion family</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-m=
essage-catalog-files.html#The-message-catalog-files">8.1.2 Format of the me=
ssage catalog files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-g=
encat-program.html#The-gencat-program">8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs file=
s</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Commo=
n-Usage.html#Common-Usage">8.1.4 How to use the <code>catgets</code> interf=
ace</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Common-Usa=
ge.html#Common-Usage">8.1.4.1 Not using symbolic names</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Commo=
n-Usage.html#Common-Usage">8.1.4.2 Using symbolic names</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Commo=
n-Usage.html#Common-Usage">8.1.4.3 How does to this allow to develop</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-U=
niforum-approach.html#The-Uniforum-approach">8.2 The Uniforum approach to=
 Message Translation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Message-ca=
talogs-with-gettext.html#Message-catalogs-with-gettext">8.2.1 The <code>get=
text</code> family of functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Translatio=
n-with-gettext.html#Translation-with-gettext">8.2.1.1 What has to be done=
 to translate a message?</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Locat=
ing-gettext-catalog.html#Locating-gettext-catalog">8.2.1.2 How to determine=
 which catalog to be used</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Advan=
ced-gettext-functions.html#Advanced-gettext-functions">8.2.1.3 Additional=
 functions for more complicated situations</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chars=
et-conversion-in-gettext.html#Charset-conversion-in-gettext">8.2.1.4 How to=
 specify the output character set <code>gettext</code> uses</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/GUI-p=
rogram-problems.html#GUI-program-problems">8.2.1.5 How to use <code>gettext=
</code> in GUI programs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-gettextized-software.html#Using-gettextized-software">8.2.1.6 User influen=
ce on <code>gettext</code></a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Helpe=
r-programs-for-gettext.html#Helper-programs-for-gettext">8.2.2 Programs to=
 handle message catalogs for <code>gettext</code></a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Searching-and-Sorting" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/s=
oftware/libc/manual/html_node/Searching-and-Sorting.html#Searching-and-Sort=
ing">9 Searching and Sorting</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Comparison=
-Functions.html#Comparison-Functions">9.1 Defining the Comparison Function<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Array=
-Search-Function.html#Array-Search-Function">9.2 Array Search Function</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Array=
-Sort-Function.html#Array-Sort-Function">9.3 Array Sort Function</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Searc=
h_002fSort-Example.html#Search_002fSort-Example">9.4 Searching and Sorting=
 Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hash-=
Search-Function.html#Hash-Search-Function">9.5 The <code>hsearch</code> fun=
ction.</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tree-=
Search-Function.html#Tree-Search-Function">9.6 The <code>tsearch</code> fun=
ction.</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Pattern-Matching" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softwa=
re/libc/manual/html_node/Pattern-Matching.html#Pattern-Matching">10 Pattern=
 Matching</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Wildcard-M=
atching.html#Wildcard-Matching">10.1 Wildcard Matching</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Globb=
ing.html#Globbing">10.2 Globbing</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calling-Gl=
ob.html#Calling-Glob">10.2.1 Calling <code>glob</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-Globbing.html#Flags-for-Globbing">10.2.2 Flags for Globbing</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/More-=
Flags-for-Globbing.html#More-Flags-for-Globbing">10.2.3 More Flags for Glob=
bing</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Regul=
ar-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions">10.3 Regular Expression Matching</=
a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX-Rege=
xp-Compilation.html#POSIX-Regexp-Compilation">10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expressi=
on Compilation</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-POSIX-Regexps.html#Flags-for-POSIX-Regexps">10.3.2 Flags for POSIX Reg=
ular Expressions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Match=
ing-POSIX-Regexps.html#Matching-POSIX-Regexps">10.3.3 Matching a Compiled=
 POSIX Regular Expression</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Regex=
p-Subexpressions.html#Regexp-Subexpressions">10.3.4 Match Results with Sube=
xpressions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Subex=
pression-Complications.html#Subexpression-Complications">10.3.5 Complicatio=
ns in Subexpression Matching</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Regex=
p-Cleanup.html#Regexp-Cleanup">10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Word-=
Expansion.html#Word-Expansion">10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Expansion-=
Stages.html#Expansion-Stages">10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calli=
ng-Wordexp.html#Calling-Wordexp">10.4.2 Calling <code>wordexp</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-Wordexp.html#Flags-for-Wordexp">10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Worde=
xp-Example.html#Wordexp-Example">10.4.4 <code>wordexp</code> Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tilde=
-Expansion.html#Tilde-Expansion">10.4.5 Details of Tilde Expansion</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Substitution.html#Variable-Substitution">10.4.6 Details of Variable Sub=
stitution</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_I_002fO-Overview" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softwa=
re/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Overview.html#I_002fO-Overview">11 Input/O=
utput Overview</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Co=
ncepts.html#I_002fO-Concepts">11.1 Input/Output Concepts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Streams-an=
d-File-Descriptors.html#Streams-and-File-Descriptors">11.1.1 Streams and Fi=
le Descriptors</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Position.html#File-Position">11.1.2 File Position</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Names.html#File-Names">11.2 File Names</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Directorie=
s.html#Directories">11.2.1 Directories</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Name-Resolution.html#File-Name-Resolution">11.2.2 File Name Resolution</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Name-Errors.html#File-Name-Errors">11.2.3 File Name Errors</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Name-Portability.html#File-Name-Portability">11.2.4 Portability of File Nam=
es</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_I_002fO-on-Streams" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/soft=
ware/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-on-Streams.html#I_002fO-on-Streams">12=
 Input/Output on Streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Streams.ht=
ml#Streams">12.1 Streams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Streams.html#Standard-Streams">12.2 Standard Streams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Openi=
ng-Streams.html#Opening-Streams">12.3 Opening Streams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Closi=
ng-Streams.html#Closing-Streams">12.4 Closing Streams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
ms-and-Threads.html#Streams-and-Threads">12.5 Streams and Threads</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
ms-and-I18N.html#Streams-and-I18N">12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applic=
ations</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simpl=
e-Output.html#Simple-Output">12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chara=
cter-Input.html#Character-Input">12.8 Character Input</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Line-=
Input.html#Line-Input">12.9 Line-Oriented Input</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Unrea=
ding.html#Unreading">12.10 Unreading</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Unreading-=
Idea.html#Unreading-Idea">12.10.1 What Unreading Means</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-U=
nread.html#How-Unread">12.10.2 Using <code>ungetc</code> To Do Unreading</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
-Input_002fOutput.html#Block-Input_002fOutput">12.11 Block Input/Output</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">12.12 Formatted Output</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Formatted-=
Output-Basics.html#Formatted-Output-Basics">12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Outpu=
t-Conversion-Syntax.html#Output-Conversion-Syntax">12.12.2 Output Conversio=
n Syntax</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Table=
-of-Output-Conversions.html#Table-of-Output-Conversions">12.12.3 Table of=
 Output Conversions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Integ=
er-Conversions.html#Integer-Conversions">12.12.4 Integer Conversions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing_002dPoint-Conversions.html#Floating_002dPoint-Conversions">12.12.5 Floa=
ting-Point Conversions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Output-Conversions.html#Other-Output-Conversions">12.12.6 Other Output Con=
versions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Output-Functions.html#Formatted-Output-Functions">12.12.7 Formatted Ou=
tput Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Dynam=
ic-Output.html#Dynamic-Output">12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Out=
put</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Arguments-Output.html#Variable-Arguments-Output">12.12.9 Variable Argum=
ents Output Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-a-Template-String.html#Parsing-a-Template-String">12.12.10 Parsing a Tem=
plate String</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
le-of-Parsing.html#Example-of-Parsing">12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Templa=
te String</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Custo=
mizing-Printf.html#Customizing-Printf">12.13 Customizing <code>printf</code=
></a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Registerin=
g-New-Conversions.html#Registering-New-Conversions">12.13.1 Registering New=
 Conversions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conve=
rsion-Specifier-Options.html#Conversion-Specifier-Options">12.13.2 Conversi=
on Specifier Options</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Defin=
ing-the-Output-Handler.html#Defining-the-Output-Handler">12.13.3 Defining=
 the Output Handler</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Print=
f-Extension-Example.html#Printf-Extension-Example">12.13.4 <code>printf</co=
de> Extension Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Prede=
fined-Printf-Handlers.html#Predefined-Printf-Handlers">12.13.5 Predefined=
 <code>printf</code> Handlers</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">12.14 Formatted Input</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Formatted-=
Input-Basics.html#Formatted-Input-Basics">12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Input=
-Conversion-Syntax.html#Input-Conversion-Syntax">12.14.2 Input Conversion=
 Syntax</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Table=
-of-Input-Conversions.html#Table-of-Input-Conversions">12.14.3 Table of Inp=
ut Conversions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Numer=
ic-Input-Conversions.html#Numeric-Input-Conversions">12.14.4 Numeric Input=
 Conversions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g-Input-Conversions.html#String-Input-Conversions">12.14.5 String Input Con=
versions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Dynam=
ic-String-Input.html#Dynamic-String-Input">12.14.6 Dynamically Allocating=
 String Conversions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Input-Conversions.html#Other-Input-Conversions">12.14.7 Other Input Conver=
sions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Input-Functions.html#Formatted-Input-Functions">12.14.8 Formatted Inpu=
t Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Arguments-Input.html#Variable-Arguments-Input">12.14.9 Variable Argumen=
ts Input Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/EOF-a=
nd-Errors.html#EOF-and-Errors">12.15 End-Of-File and Errors</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
-Recovery.html#Error-Recovery">12.16 Recovering from errors</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Binar=
y-Streams.html#Binary-Streams">12.17 Text and Binary Streams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Positioning.html#File-Positioning">12.18 File Positioning</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Porta=
ble-Positioning.html#Portable-Positioning">12.19 Portable File-Position Fun=
ctions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
m-Buffering.html#Stream-Buffering">12.20 Stream Buffering</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Buffering-=
Concepts.html#Buffering-Concepts">12.20.1 Buffering Concepts</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flush=
ing-Buffers.html#Flushing-Buffers">12.20.2 Flushing Buffers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
olling-Buffering.html#Controlling-Buffering">12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind=
 of Buffering</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Kinds-of-Streams.html#Other-Kinds-of-Streams">12.21 Other Kinds of Streams=
</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/String-Str=
eams.html#String-Streams">12.21.1 String Streams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Custo=
m-Streams.html#Custom-Streams">12.21.2 Programming Your Own Custom Streams<=
/a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Streams-an=
d-Cookies.html#Streams-and-Cookies">12.21.2.1 Custom Streams and Cookies</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hook-=
Functions.html#Hook-Functions">12.21.2.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Messages.html#Formatted-Messages">12.22 Formatted Messages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Printing-F=
ormatted-Messages.html#Printing-Formatted-Messages">12.22.1 Printing Format=
ted Messages</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Addin=
g-Severity-Classes.html#Adding-Severity-Classes">12.22.2 Adding Severity Cl=
asses</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
le.html#Example">12.22.3 How to use <code>fmtmsg</code> and <code>addseveri=
ty</code></a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Low_002dLevel-I_002fO" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/s=
oftware/libc/manual/html_node/Low_002dLevel-I_002fO.html#Low_002dLevel-I_00=
2fO">13 Low-Level Input/Output</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opening-an=
d-Closing-Files.html#Opening-and-Closing-Files">13.1 Opening and Closing Fi=
les</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002=
fO-Primitives.html#I_002fO-Primitives">13.2 Input and Output Primitives</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Position-Primitive.html#File-Position-Primitive">13.3 Setting the File Posi=
tion of a Descriptor</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Descr=
iptors-and-Streams.html#Descriptors-and-Streams">13.4 Descriptors and Strea=
ms</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
m_002fDescriptor-Precautions.html#Stream_002fDescriptor-Precautions">13.5=
 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Linked-Cha=
nnels.html#Linked-Channels">13.5.1 Linked Channels</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Indep=
endent-Channels.html#Independent-Channels">13.5.2 Independent Channels</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Clean=
ing-Streams.html#Cleaning-Streams">13.5.3 Cleaning Streams</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scatt=
er_002dGather.html#Scatter_002dGather">13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memor=
y_002dmapped-I_002fO.html#Memory_002dmapped-I_002fO">13.7 Memory-mapped I/O=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Waiti=
ng-for-I_002fO.html#Waiting-for-I_002fO">13.8 Waiting for Input or Output</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Synch=
ronizing-I_002fO.html#Synchronizing-I_002fO">13.9 Synchronizing I/O operati=
ons</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Async=
hronous-I_002fO.html#Asynchronous-I_002fO">13.10 Perform I/O Operations in=
 Parallel</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Asynchrono=
us-Reads_002fWrites.html#Asynchronous-Reads_002fWrites">13.10.1 Asynchronou=
s Read and Write Operations</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Statu=
s-of-AIO-Operations.html#Status-of-AIO-Operations">13.10.2 Getting the Stat=
us of AIO Operations</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Synch=
ronizing-AIO-Operations.html#Synchronizing-AIO-Operations">13.10.3 Getting=
 into a Consistent State</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Cance=
l-AIO-Operations.html#Cancel-AIO-Operations">13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Op=
erations</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Confi=
guration-of-AIO.html#Configuration-of-AIO">13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO=
 implementation</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
ol-Operations.html#Control-Operations">13.11 Control Operations on Files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Dupli=
cating-Descriptors.html#Duplicating-Descriptors">13.12 Duplicating Descript=
ors</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Descr=
iptor-Flags.html#Descriptor-Flags">13.13 File Descriptor Flags</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Status-Flags.html#File-Status-Flags">13.14 File Status Flags</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Access-Mod=
es.html#Access-Modes">13.14.1 File Access Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Open_=
002dtime-Flags.html#Open_002dtime-Flags">13.14.2 Open-time Flags</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opera=
ting-Modes.html#Operating-Modes">13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getti=
ng-File-Status-Flags.html#Getting-File-Status-Flags">13.14.4 Getting and Se=
tting File Status Flags</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Locks.html#File-Locks">13.15 File Locks</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
rupt-Input.html#Interrupt-Input">13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/IOCTL=
s.html#IOCTLs">13.17 Generic I/O Control operations</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_File-System-Interface" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/s=
oftware/libc/manual/html_node/File-System-Interface.html#File-System-Interf=
ace">14 File System Interface</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Working-Di=
rectory.html#Working-Directory">14.1 Working Directory</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Acces=
sing-Directories.html#Accessing-Directories">14.2 Accessing Directories</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Directory-=
Entries.html#Directory-Entries">14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Openi=
ng-a-Directory.html#Opening-a-Directory">14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng_002fClosing-Directory.html#Reading_002fClosing-Directory">14.2.3 Reading=
 and Closing a Directory Stream</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simpl=
e-Directory-Lister.html#Simple-Directory-Lister">14.2.4 Simple Program to=
 List a Directory</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Rando=
m-Access-Directory.html#Random-Access-Directory">14.2.5 Random Access in a=
 Directory Stream</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scann=
ing-Directory-Content.html#Scanning-Directory-Content">14.2.6 Scanning the=
 Content of a Directory</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simpl=
e-Directory-Lister-Mark-II.html#Simple-Directory-Lister-Mark-II">14.2.7 Sim=
ple Program to List a Directory, Mark II</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Worki=
ng-with-Directory-Trees.html#Working-with-Directory-Trees">14.3 Working wit=
h Directory Trees</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hard-=
Links.html#Hard-Links">14.4 Hard Links</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Symbo=
lic-Links.html#Symbolic-Links">14.5 Symbolic Links</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Delet=
ing-Files.html#Deleting-Files">14.6 Deleting Files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Renam=
ing-Files.html#Renaming-Files">14.7 Renaming Files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creat=
ing-Directories.html#Creating-Directories">14.8 Creating Directories</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Attributes.html#File-Attributes">14.9 File Attributes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Attribute-=
Meanings.html#Attribute-Meanings">14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng-Attributes.html#Reading-Attributes">14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a=
 File</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Testi=
ng-File-Type.html#Testing-File-Type">14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Owner.html#File-Owner">14.9.4 File Owner</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Permi=
ssion-Bits.html#Permission-Bits">14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Acces=
s-Permission.html#Access-Permission">14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is De=
cided</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Permissions.html#Setting-Permissions">14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Testi=
ng-File-Access.html#Testing-File-Access">14.9.8 Testing Permission to Acces=
s a File</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Times.html#File-Times">14.9.9 File Times</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Size.html#File-Size">14.9.10 File Size</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Makin=
g-Special-Files.html#Making-Special-Files">14.10 Making Special Files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tempo=
rary-Files.html#Temporary-Files">14.11 Temporary Files</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Pipes-and-FIFOs" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softwar=
e/libc/manual/html_node/Pipes-and-FIFOs.html#Pipes-and-FIFOs">15 Pipes and=
 FIFOs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-a=
-Pipe.html#Creating-a-Pipe">15.1 Creating a Pipe</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pipe-=
to-a-Subprocess.html#Pipe-to-a-Subprocess">15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FIFO-=
Special-Files.html#FIFO-Special-Files">15.3 FIFO Special Files</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pipe-=
Atomicity.html#Pipe-Atomicity">15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Sockets" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/m=
anual/html_node/Sockets.html#Sockets">16 Sockets</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socket-Con=
cepts.html#Socket-Concepts">16.1 Socket Concepts</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Commu=
nication-Styles.html#Communication-Styles">16.2 Communication Styles</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Addresses.html#Socket-Addresses">16.3 Socket Addresses</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Address-Fo=
rmats.html#Address-Formats">16.3.1 Address Formats</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Address.html#Setting-Address">16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng-Address.html#Reading-Address">16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
face-Naming.html#Interface-Naming">16.4 Interface Naming</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Namespace.html#Local-Namespace">16.5 The Local Namespace</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local-Name=
space-Concepts.html#Local-Namespace-Concepts">16.5.1 Local Namespace Concep=
ts</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Namespace-Details.html#Local-Namespace-Details">16.5.2 Details of Local Na=
mespace</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Socket-Example.html#Local-Socket-Example">16.5.3 Example of Local-Namespac=
e Sockets</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
net-Namespace.html#Internet-Namespace">16.6 The Internet Namespace</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Internet-A=
ddress-Formats.html#Internet-Address-Formats">16.6.1 Internet Socket Addres=
s Formats</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Addresses.html#Host-Addresses">16.6.2 Host Addresses</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Abstract-H=
ost-Addresses.html#Abstract-Host-Addresses">16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresse=
s</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Address-Data-Type.html#Host-Address-Data-Type">16.6.2.2 Host Address Data=
 Type</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Address-Functions.html#Host-Address-Functions">16.6.2.3 Host Address Functi=
ons</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Names.html#Host-Names">16.6.2.4 Host Names</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Ports=
.html#Ports">16.6.3 Internet Ports</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Servi=
ces-Database.html#Services-Database">16.6.4 The Services Database</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Byte-=
Order.html#Byte-Order">16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proto=
cols-Database.html#Protocols-Database">16.6.6 Protocols Database</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inet-=
Example.html#Inet-Example">16.6.7 Internet Socket Example</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Misc-=
Namespaces.html#Misc-Namespaces">16.7 Other Namespaces</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Open_=
002fClose-Sockets.html#Open_002fClose-Sockets">16.8 Opening and Closing Soc=
kets</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-a=
-Socket.html#Creating-a-Socket">16.8.1 Creating a Socket</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Closi=
ng-a-Socket.html#Closing-a-Socket">16.8.2 Closing a Socket</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Pairs.html#Socket-Pairs">16.8.3 Socket Pairs</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conne=
ctions.html#Connections">16.9 Using Sockets with Connections</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Connecting=
.html#Connecting">16.9.1 Making a Connection</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Liste=
ning.html#Listening">16.9.2 Listening for Connections</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Accep=
ting-Connections.html#Accepting-Connections">16.9.3 Accepting Connections</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Who-i=
s-Connected.html#Who-is-Connected">16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me?</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Trans=
ferring-Data.html#Transferring-Data">16.9.5 Transferring Data</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sending-Da=
ta.html#Sending-Data">16.9.5.1 Sending Data</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Recei=
ving-Data.html#Receiving-Data">16.9.5.2 Receiving Data</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Data-Options.html#Socket-Data-Options">16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Byte-=
Stream-Example.html#Byte-Stream-Example">16.9.6 Byte Stream Socket Example<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Serve=
r-Example.html#Server-Example">16.9.7 Byte Stream Connection Server Example=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Out_0=
02dof_002dBand-Data.html#Out_002dof_002dBand-Data">16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data<=
/a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Datag=
rams.html#Datagrams">16.10 Datagram Socket Operations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sending-Da=
tagrams.html#Sending-Datagrams">16.10.1 Sending Datagrams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Recei=
ving-Datagrams.html#Receiving-Datagrams">16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Datag=
ram-Example.html#Datagram-Example">16.10.3 Datagram Socket Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
le-Receiver.html#Example-Receiver">16.10.4 Example of Reading Datagrams</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inetd=
.html#Inetd">16.11 The <code>inetd</code> Daemon</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inetd-Serv=
ers.html#Inetd-Servers">16.11.1 <code>inetd</code> Servers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Confi=
guring-Inetd.html#Configuring-Inetd">16.11.2 Configuring <code>inetd</code>=
</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Options.html#Socket-Options">16.12 Socket Options</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socket-Opt=
ion-Functions.html#Socket-Option-Functions">16.12.1 Socket Option Functions=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t_002dLevel-Options.html#Socket_002dLevel-Options">16.12.2 Socket-Level Opt=
ions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netwo=
rks-Database.html#Networks-Database">16.13 Networks Database</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface" href=3D"http://ww=
w.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface.h=
tml#Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface">17 Low-Level Terminal Interface</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Is-It-a-Te=
rminal.html#Is-It-a-Terminal">17.1 Identifying Terminals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002=
fO-Queues.html#I_002fO-Queues">17.2 I/O Queues</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Canon=
ical-or-Not.html#Canonical-or-Not">17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or=
 Not</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nal-Modes.html#Terminal-Modes">17.4 Terminal Modes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mode-Data-=
Types.html#Mode-Data-Types">17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mode-=
Functions.html#Mode-Functions">17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Modes.html#Setting-Modes">17.4.3 Setting Terminal Modes Properly</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Input=
-Modes.html#Input-Modes">17.4.4 Input Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Outpu=
t-Modes.html#Output-Modes">17.4.5 Output Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
ol-Modes.html#Control-Modes">17.4.6 Control Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Modes.html#Local-Modes">17.4.7 Local Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Line-=
Speed.html#Line-Speed">17.4.8 Line Speed</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Speci=
al-Characters.html#Special-Characters">17.4.9 Special Characters</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Editing-Ch=
aracters.html#Editing-Characters">17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Characters.html#Signal-Characters">17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Start=
_002fStop-Characters.html#Start_002fStop-Characters">17.4.9.3 Special Chara=
cters for Flow Control</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Special.html#Other-Special">17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Nonca=
nonical-Input.html#Noncanonical-Input">17.4.10 Noncanonical Input</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-T=
erminal-Modes.html#BSD-Terminal-Modes">17.5 BSD Terminal Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Line-=
Control.html#Line-Control">17.6 Line Control Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Nonca=
non-Example.html#Noncanon-Example">17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pseud=
o_002dTerminals.html#Pseudo_002dTerminals">17.8 Pseudo-Terminals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Allocation=
.html#Allocation">17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pseud=
o_002dTerminal-Pairs.html#Pseudo_002dTerminal-Pairs">17.8.2 Opening a Pseud=
o-Terminal Pair</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Syslog" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/ma=
nual/html_node/Syslog.html#Syslog">18 Syslog</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Overview-o=
f-Syslog.html#Overview-of-Syslog">18.1 Overview of Syslog</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Submi=
tting-Syslog-Messages.html#Submitting-Syslog-Messages">18.2 Submitting Sysl=
og Messages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/openlog.ht=
ml#openlog">18.2.1 openlog</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/syslo=
g_003b-vsyslog.html#syslog_003b-vsyslog">18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/close=
log.html#closelog">18.2.3 closelog</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/setlo=
gmask.html#setlogmask">18.2.4 setlogmask</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syslo=
g-Example.html#Syslog-Example">18.2.5 Syslog Example</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Mathematics" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/li=
bc/manual/html_node/Mathematics.html#Mathematics">19 Mathematics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mathematic=
al-Constants.html#Mathematical-Constants">19.1 Predefined Mathematical Cons=
tants</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Trig-=
Functions.html#Trig-Functions">19.2 Trigonometric Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inver=
se-Trig-Functions.html#Inverse-Trig-Functions">19.3 Inverse Trigonometric=
 Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Expon=
ents-and-Logarithms.html#Exponents-and-Logarithms">19.4 Exponentiation and=
 Logarithms</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hyper=
bolic-Functions.html#Hyperbolic-Functions">19.5 Hyperbolic Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Speci=
al-Functions.html#Special-Functions">19.6 Special Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
s-in-Math-Functions.html#Errors-in-Math-Functions">19.7 Known Maximum Error=
s in Math Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pseud=
o_002dRandom-Numbers.html#Pseudo_002dRandom-Numbers">19.8 Pseudo-Random Num=
bers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/ISO-Random=
.html#ISO-Random">19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-R=
andom.html#BSD-Random">19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/SVID-=
Random.html#SVID-Random">19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Fu=
nction-Optimizations.html#FP-Function-Optimizations">19.9 Is Fast Code or=
 Small Code preferred?</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Arithmetic" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/lib=
c/manual/html_node/Arithmetic.html#Arithmetic">20 Arithmetic Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Integers.h=
tml#Integers">20.1 Integers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Integ=
er-Division.html#Integer-Division">20.2 Integer Division</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Numbers.html#Floating-Point-Numbers">20.3 Floating Point Numbers<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Classes.html#Floating-Point-Classes">20.4 Floating-Point Number=
 Classification Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Errors.html#Floating-Point-Errors">20.5 Errors in Floating-Point=
 Calculations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Excepti=
ons.html#FP-Exceptions">20.5.1 FP Exceptions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Infin=
ity-and-NaN.html#Infinity-and-NaN">20.5.2 Infinity and NaN</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Statu=
s-bit-operations.html#Status-bit-operations">20.5.3 Examining the FPU statu=
s word</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Math-=
Error-Reporting.html#Math-Error-Reporting">20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathem=
atical Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Round=
ing.html#Rounding">20.6 Rounding Modes</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
ol-Functions.html#Control-Functions">20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Arith=
metic-Functions.html#Arithmetic-Functions">20.8 Arithmetic Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Absolute-V=
alue.html#Absolute-Value">20.8.1 Absolute Value</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Norma=
lization-Functions.html#Normalization-Functions">20.8.2 Normalization Funct=
ions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Round=
ing-Functions.html#Rounding-Functions">20.8.3 Rounding Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Remai=
nder-Functions.html#Remainder-Functions">20.8.4 Remainder Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Bi=
t-Twiddling.html#FP-Bit-Twiddling">20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits=
 of FP values</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Co=
mparison-Functions.html#FP-Comparison-Functions">20.8.6 Floating-Point Comp=
arison Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Misc-=
FP-Arithmetic.html#Misc-FP-Arithmetic">20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic=
 functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Compl=
ex-Numbers.html#Complex-Numbers">20.9 Complex Numbers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opera=
tions-on-Complex.html#Operations-on-Complex">20.10 Projections, Conjugates,=
 and Decomposing of Complex Numbers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-of-Numbers.html#Parsing-of-Numbers">20.11 Parsing of Numbers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsing-of=
-Integers.html#Parsing-of-Integers">20.11.1 Parsing of Integers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-of-Floats.html#Parsing-of-Floats">20.11.2 Parsing of Floats</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-V-Number-Conversion.html#System-V-Number-Conversion">20.12 Old-fashioned=
 System V number-to-string functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Date-and-Time" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/=
libc/manual/html_node/Date-and-Time.html#Date-and-Time">21 Date and Time</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Time-Basic=
s.html#Time-Basics">21.1 Time Basics</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Elaps=
ed-Time.html#Elapsed-Time">21.2 Elapsed Time</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ssor-And-CPU-Time.html#Processor-And-CPU-Time">21.3 Processor And CPU Time<=
/a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/CPU-Time.h=
tml#CPU-Time">21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ssor-Time.html#Processor-Time">21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calen=
dar-Time.html#Calendar-Time">21.4 Calendar Time</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simple-Cal=
endar-Time.html#Simple-Calendar-Time">21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/High_=
002dResolution-Calendar.html#High_002dResolution-Calendar">21.4.2 High-Reso=
lution Calendar</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Broke=
n_002ddown-Time.html#Broken_002ddown-Time">21.4.3 Broken-down Time</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/High-=
Accuracy-Clock.html#High-Accuracy-Clock">21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tting-Calendar-Time.html#Formatting-Calendar-Time">21.4.5 Formatting Calend=
ar Time</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-Date-and-Time.html#Parsing-Date-and-Time">21.4.6 Convert textual time an=
d date information back</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Low_002dLe=
vel-Time-String-Parsing.html#Low_002dLevel-Time-String-Parsing">21.4.6.1 In=
terpret string according to given format</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Gener=
al-Time-String-Parsing.html#General-Time-String-Parsing">21.4.6.2 A More Us=
er-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/TZ-Va=
riable.html#TZ-Variable">21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with <code>TZ</cod=
e></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Time-=
Zone-Functions.html#Time-Zone-Functions">21.4.8 Functions and Variables for=
 Time Zones</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Time-=
Functions-Example.html#Time-Functions-Example">21.4.9 Time Functions Exampl=
e</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-an-Alarm.html#Setting-an-Alarm">21.5 Setting an Alarm</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sleep=
ing.html#Sleeping">21.6 Sleeping</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Resource-Usage-And-Limitation" href=3D"http://www.g=
nu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resource-Usage-And-Limitation.html#Re=
source-Usage-And-Limitation">22 Resource Usage And Limitation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resource-U=
sage.html#Resource-Usage">22.1 Resource Usage</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Limit=
s-on-Resources.html#Limits-on-Resources">22.2 Limiting Resource Usage</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Prior=
ity.html#Priority">22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Absolute-P=
riority.html#Absolute-Priority">22.3.1 Absolute Priority</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Absolute-P=
riority.html#Absolute-Priority">22.3.1.1 Using Absolute Priority</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Realt=
ime-Scheduling.html#Realtime-Scheduling">22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Basic=
-Scheduling-Functions.html#Basic-Scheduling-Functions">22.3.3 Basic Schedul=
ing Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tradi=
tional-Scheduling.html#Traditional-Scheduling">22.3.4 Traditional Schedulin=
g</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Traditiona=
l-Scheduling-Intro.html#Traditional-Scheduling-Intro">22.3.4.1 Introduction=
 To Traditional Scheduling</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tradi=
tional-Scheduling-Functions.html#Traditional-Scheduling-Functions">22.3.4.2=
 Functions For Traditional Scheduling</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/CPU-A=
ffinity.html#CPU-Affinity">22.3.5 Limiting execution to certain CPUs</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memor=
y-Resources.html#Memory-Resources">22.4 Querying memory available resources=
</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memory-Sub=
system.html#Memory-Subsystem">22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory=
 handling</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Query=
-Memory-Parameters.html#Query-Memory-Parameters">22.4.2 How to get informat=
ion about the memory subsystem?</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ssor-Resources.html#Processor-Resources">22.5 Learn about the processors av=
ailable</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Non_002dLocal-Exits" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/sof=
tware/libc/manual/html_node/Non_002dLocal-Exits.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits">2=
3 Non-Local Exits</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_002dLo=
cal-Intro.html#Non_002dLocal-Intro">23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dLocal-Details.html#Non_002dLocal-Details">23.2 Details of Non-Local Exit=
s</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dLocal-Exits-and-Signals.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals">23.3 Non-L=
ocal Exits and Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-V-contexts.html#System-V-contexts">23.4 Complete Context Control</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Signal-Handling" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softwar=
e/libc/manual/html_node/Signal-Handling.html#Signal-Handling">24 Signal Han=
dling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Concepts-o=
f-Signals.html#Concepts-of-Signals">24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Kinds-of-S=
ignals.html#Kinds-of-Signals">24.1.1 Some Kinds of Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Generation.html#Signal-Generation">24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Deliv=
ery-of-Signal.html#Delivery-of-Signal">24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Signals.html#Standard-Signals">24.2 Standard Signals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Program-Er=
ror-Signals.html#Program-Error-Signals">24.2.1 Program Error Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nation-Signals.html#Termination-Signals">24.2.2 Termination Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alarm=
-Signals.html#Alarm-Signals">24.2.3 Alarm Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Async=
hronous-I_002fO-Signals.html#Asynchronous-I_002fO-Signals">24.2.4 Asynchron=
ous I/O Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Job-C=
ontrol-Signals.html#Job-Control-Signals">24.2.5 Job Control Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opera=
tion-Error-Signals.html#Operation-Error-Signals">24.2.6 Operation Error Sig=
nals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Misce=
llaneous-Signals.html#Miscellaneous-Signals">24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Messages.html#Signal-Messages">24.2.8 Signal Messages</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Actions.html#Signal-Actions">24.3 Specifying Signal Actions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Basic-Sign=
al-Handling.html#Basic-Signal-Handling">24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Advan=
ced-Signal-Handling.html#Advanced-Signal-Handling">24.3.2 Advanced Signal=
 Handling</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-and-Sigaction.html#Signal-and-Sigaction">24.3.3 Interaction of <code>sign=
al</code> and <code>sigaction</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sigac=
tion-Function-Example.html#Sigaction-Function-Example">24.3.4 <code>sigacti=
on</code> Function Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-Sigaction.html#Flags-for-Sigaction">24.3.5 Flags for <code>sigaction</=
code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Initi=
al-Signal-Actions.html#Initial-Signal-Actions">24.3.6 Initial Signal Action=
s</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Defin=
ing-Handlers.html#Defining-Handlers">24.4 Defining Signal Handlers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Handler-Re=
turns.html#Handler-Returns">24.4.1 Signal Handlers that Return</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nation-in-Handler.html#Termination-in-Handler">24.4.2 Handlers That Termina=
te the Process</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Longj=
mp-in-Handler.html#Longjmp-in-Handler">24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in=
 Handlers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
ls-in-Handler.html#Signals-in-Handler">24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Hand=
ler Runs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Merge=
d-Signals.html#Merged-Signals">24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Nonre=
entrancy.html#Nonreentrancy">24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functi=
ons</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Atomi=
c-Data-Access.html#Atomic-Data-Access">24.4.7 Atomic Data Access and Signal=
 Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_002dat=
omic-Example.html#Non_002datomic-Example">24.4.7.1 Problems with Non-Atomic=
 Access</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Atomi=
c-Types.html#Atomic-Types">24.4.7.2 Atomic Types</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Atomi=
c-Usage.html#Atomic-Usage">24.4.7.3 Atomic Usage Patterns</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
rupted-Primitives.html#Interrupted-Primitives">24.5 Primitives Interrupted=
 by Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Gener=
ating-Signals.html#Generating-Signals">24.6 Generating Signals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signaling-=
Yourself.html#Signaling-Yourself">24.6.1 Signaling Yourself</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
ling-Another-Process.html#Signaling-Another-Process">24.6.2 Signaling Anoth=
er Process</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Permi=
ssion-for-kill.html#Permission-for-kill">24.6.3 Permission for using <code>=
kill</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Kill-=
Example.html#Kill-Example">24.6.4 Using <code>kill</code> for Communication=
</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
ing-Signals.html#Blocking-Signals">24.7 Blocking Signals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-Block.=
html#Why-Block">24.7.1 Why Blocking Signals is Useful</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Sets.html#Signal-Sets">24.7.2 Signal Sets</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Signal-Mask.html#Process-Signal-Mask">24.7.3 Process Signal Mask</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Testi=
ng-for-Delivery.html#Testing-for-Delivery">24.7.4 Blocking to Test for Deli=
very of a Signal</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
ing-for-Handler.html#Blocking-for-Handler">24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Ha=
ndler</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Check=
ing-for-Pending-Signals.html#Checking-for-Pending-Signals">24.7.6 Checking=
 for Pending Signals</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Remem=
bering-a-Signal.html#Remembering-a-Signal">24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to=
 Act On Later</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Waiti=
ng-for-a-Signal.html#Waiting-for-a-Signal">24.8 Waiting for a Signal</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using-Paus=
e.html#Using-Pause">24.8.1 Using <code>pause</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pause=
-Problems.html#Pause-Problems">24.8.2 Problems with <code>pause</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sigsu=
spend.html#Sigsuspend">24.8.3 Using <code>sigsuspend</code></a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Stack.html#Signal-Stack">24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-S=
ignal-Handling.html#BSD-Signal-Handling">24.10 BSD Signal Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-Handle=
r.html#BSD-Handler">24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
ing-in-BSD.html#Blocking-in-BSD">24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals=
</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Program-Basics" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software=
/libc/manual/html_node/Program-Basics.html#Program-Basics">25 The Basic Pro=
gram/System Interface</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Program-Ar=
guments.html#Program-Arguments">25.1 Program Arguments</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argument-S=
yntax.html#Argument-Syntax">25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-Program-Arguments.html#Parsing-Program-Arguments">25.1.2 Parsing Program=
 Arguments</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getop=
t.html#Getopt">25.2 Parsing program options using <code>getopt</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using-Geto=
pt.html#Using-Getopt">25.2.1 Using the <code>getopt</code> function</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
le-of-Getopt.html#Example-of-Getopt">25.2.2 Example of Parsing Arguments wi=
th <code>getopt</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getop=
t-Long-Options.html#Getopt-Long-Options">25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with=
 <code>getopt_long</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getop=
t-Long-Option-Example.html#Getopt-Long-Option-Example">25.2.4 Example of Pa=
rsing Long Options with <code>getopt_long</code></a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp.=
html#Argp">25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp.html#=
Argp">25.3.1 The <code>argp_parse</code> Function</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Global-Variables.html#Argp-Global-Variables">25.3.2 Argp Global Variables</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Parsers.html#Argp-Parsers">25.3.3 Specifying Argp Parsers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Option-Vectors.html#Argp-Option-Vectors">25.3.4 Specifying Options in an Ar=
gp Parser</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-Optio=
n-Flags.html#Argp-Option-Flags">25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Parser-Functions.html#Argp-Parser-Functions">25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions</=
a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-Speci=
al-Keys.html#Argp-Special-Keys">25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Funct=
ions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Parsing-State.html#Argp-Parsing-State">25.3.5.2 Argp Parsing State</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Helper-Functions.html#Argp-Helper-Functions">25.3.5.3 Functions For Use in=
 Argp Parsers</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Children.html#Argp-Children">25.3.6 Combining Multiple Argp Parsers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Flags.html#Argp-Flags">25.3.7 Flags for <code>argp_parse</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Help-Filtering.html#Argp-Help-Filtering">25.3.8 Customizing Argp Help Outpu=
t</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-Help-=
Filter-Keys.html#Argp-Help-Filter-Keys">25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help=
 Filter Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Help.html#Argp-Help">25.3.9 The <code>argp_help</code> Function</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Help-Flags.html#Argp-Help-Flags">25.3.10 Flags for the <code>argp_help</cod=
e> Function</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Examples.html#Argp-Examples">25.3.11 Argp Examples</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-Examp=
le-1.html#Argp-Example-1">25.3.11.1 A Minimal Program Using Argp</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Example-2.html#Argp-Example-2">25.3.11.2 A Program Using Argp with Only Def=
ault Options</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Example-3.html#Argp-Example-3">25.3.11.3 A Program Using Argp with User Opt=
ions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
Example-4.html#Argp-Example-4">25.3.11.4 A Program Using Multiple Combined=
 Argp Parsers</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp-=
User-Customization.html#Argp-User-Customization">25.3.12 Argp User Customiz=
ation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Suboptions=
.html#Suboptions">25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Subop=
tions-Example.html#Suboptions-Example">25.3.13 Parsing of Suboptions Exampl=
e</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Envir=
onment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables">25.4 Environment Variables</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Environmen=
t-Access.html#Environment-Access">25.4.1 Environment Access</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Environment.html#Standard-Environment">25.4.2 Standard Environment Vari=
ables</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Auxil=
iary-Vector.html#Auxiliary-Vector">25.5 Auxiliary Vector</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Auxiliary-=
Vector.html#Auxiliary-Vector">25.5.1 Definition of <code>getauxval</code></=
a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Calls.html#System-Calls">25.6 System Calls</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Progr=
am-Termination.html#Program-Termination">25.7 Program Termination</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Normal-Ter=
mination.html#Normal-Termination">25.7.1 Normal Termination</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Exit-=
Status.html#Exit-Status">25.7.2 Exit Status</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Clean=
ups-on-Exit.html#Cleanups-on-Exit">25.7.3 Cleanups on Exit</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Abort=
ing-a-Program.html#Aborting-a-Program">25.7.4 Aborting a Program</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nation-Internals.html#Termination-Internals">25.7.5 Termination Internals</=
a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Processes" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc=
/manual/html_node/Processes.html#Processes">26 Processes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Running-a-=
Command.html#Running-a-Command">26.1 Running a Command</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Creation-Concepts.html#Process-Creation-Concepts">26.2 Process Creation=
 Concepts</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Identification.html#Process-Identification">26.3 Process Identification<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creat=
ing-a-Process.html#Creating-a-Process">26.4 Creating a Process</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Execu=
ting-a-File.html#Executing-a-File">26.5 Executing a File</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Completion.html#Process-Completion">26.6 Process Completion</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Completion-Status.html#Process-Completion-Status">26.7 Process Completio=
n Status</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-W=
ait-Functions.html#BSD-Wait-Functions">26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Creation-Example.html#Process-Creation-Example">26.9 Process Creation Ex=
ample</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Job-Control" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/li=
bc/manual/html_node/Job-Control.html#Job-Control">27 Job Control</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Concepts-o=
f-Job-Control.html#Concepts-of-Job-Control">27.1 Concepts of Job Control</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Job-C=
ontrol-is-Optional.html#Job-Control-is-Optional">27.2 Job Control is Option=
al</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
olling-Terminal.html#Controlling-Terminal">27.3 Controlling Terminal of a=
 Process</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Acces=
s-to-the-Terminal.html#Access-to-the-Terminal">27.4 Access to the Controlli=
ng Terminal</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Orpha=
ned-Process-Groups.html#Orphaned-Process-Groups">27.5 Orphaned Process Grou=
ps</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Imple=
menting-a-Shell.html#Implementing-a-Shell">27.6 Implementing a Job Control=
 Shell</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Data-Struc=
tures.html#Data-Structures">27.6.1 Data Structures for the Shell</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Initi=
alizing-the-Shell.html#Initializing-the-Shell">27.6.2 Initializing the Shel=
l</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Launc=
hing-Jobs.html#Launching-Jobs">27.6.3 Launching Jobs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Foreg=
round-and-Background.html#Foreground-and-Background">27.6.4 Foreground and=
 Background</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stopp=
ed-and-Terminated-Jobs.html#Stopped-and-Terminated-Jobs">27.6.5 Stopped and=
 Terminated Jobs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conti=
nuing-Stopped-Jobs.html#Continuing-Stopped-Jobs">27.6.6 Continuing Stopped=
 Jobs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Missi=
ng-Pieces.html#Missing-Pieces">27.6.7 The Missing Pieces</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Funct=
ions-for-Job-Control.html#Functions-for-Job-Control">27.7 Functions for Job=
 Control</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Identifyin=
g-the-Terminal.html#Identifying-the-Terminal">27.7.1 Identifying the Contro=
lling Terminal</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Group-Functions.html#Process-Group-Functions">27.7.2 Process Group Funct=
ions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nal-Access-Functions.html#Terminal-Access-Functions">27.7.3 Functions for=
 Controlling Terminal Access</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Name-Service-Switch" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/sof=
tware/libc/manual/html_node/Name-Service-Switch.html#Name-Service-Switch">2=
8 System Databases and Name Service Switch</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-Basics=
.html#NSS-Basics">28.1 NSS Basics</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-C=
onfiguration-File.html#NSS-Configuration-File">28.2 The NSS Configuration=
 File</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Services-i=
n-the-NSS-configuration.html#Services-in-the-NSS-configuration">28.2.1 Serv=
ices in the NSS configuration File</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Actio=
ns-in-the-NSS-configuration.html#Actions-in-the-NSS-configuration">28.2.2=
 Actions in the NSS configuration</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Notes=
-on-NSS-Configuration-File.html#Notes-on-NSS-Configuration-File">28.2.3 Not=
es on the NSS Configuration File</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-M=
odule-Internals.html#NSS-Module-Internals">28.3 NSS Module Internals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-Module=
-Names.html#NSS-Module-Names">28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-M=
odules-Interface.html#NSS-Modules-Interface">28.3.2 The Interface of the Fu=
nction in NSS Modules</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Exten=
ding-NSS.html#Extending-NSS">28.4 Extending NSS</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Adding-ano=
ther-Service-to-NSS.html#Adding-another-Service-to-NSS">28.4.1 Adding anoth=
er Service to NSS</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-M=
odule-Function-Internals.html#NSS-Module-Function-Internals">28.4.2 Interna=
ls of the NSS Module Functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Users-and-Groups" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softwa=
re/libc/manual/html_node/Users-and-Groups.html#Users-and-Groups">29 Users=
 and Groups</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-and-G=
roup-IDs.html#User-and-Group-IDs">29.1 User and Group IDs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Persona.html#Process-Persona">29.2 The Persona of a Process</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-C=
hange-Persona.html#Why-Change-Persona">29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Pro=
cess?</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-C=
hange-Persona.html#How-Change-Persona">29.4 How an Application Can Change=
 Persona</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng-Persona.html#Reading-Persona">29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-User-ID.html#Setting-User-ID">29.6 Setting the User ID</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Groups.html#Setting-Groups">29.7 Setting the Group IDs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Enabl=
e_002fDisable-Setuid.html#Enable_002fDisable-Setuid">29.8 Enabling and Disa=
bling Setuid Access</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setui=
d-Program-Example.html#Setuid-Program-Example">29.9 Setuid Program Example<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tips-=
for-Setuid.html#Tips-for-Setuid">29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Who-L=
ogged-In.html#Who-Logged-In">29.11 Identifying Who Logged In</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-=
Accounting-Database.html#User-Accounting-Database">29.12 The User Accountin=
g Database</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Manipulati=
ng-the-Database.html#Manipulating-the-Database">29.12.1 Manipulating the Us=
er Accounting Database</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/XPG-F=
unctions.html#XPG-Functions">29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Loggi=
ng-In-and-Out.html#Logging-In-and-Out">29.12.3 Logging In and Out</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-=
Database.html#User-Database">29.13 User Database</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-Data-=
Structure.html#User-Data-Structure">29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describ=
es a User</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Looku=
p-User.html#Lookup-User">29.13.2 Looking Up One User</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scann=
ing-All-Users.html#Scanning-All-Users">29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Use=
rs</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Writi=
ng-a-User-Entry.html#Writing-a-User-Entry">29.13.4 Writing a User Entry</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Group=
-Database.html#Group-Database">29.14 Group Database</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Group-Data=
-Structure.html#Group-Data-Structure">29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Grou=
p</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Looku=
p-Group.html#Lookup-Group">29.14.2 Looking Up One Group</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scann=
ing-All-Groups.html#Scanning-All-Groups">29.14.3 Scanning the List of All=
 Groups</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Datab=
ase-Example.html#Database-Example">29.15 User and Group Database Example</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netgr=
oup-Database.html#Netgroup-Database">29.16 Netgroup Database</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netgroup-D=
ata.html#Netgroup-Data">29.16.1 Netgroup Data</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Looku=
p-Netgroup.html#Lookup-Netgroup">29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netgr=
oup-Membership.html#Netgroup-Membership">29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membe=
rship</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_System-Management" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softw=
are/libc/manual/html_node/System-Management.html#System-Management">30 Syst=
em Management</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-Ident=
ification.html#Host-Identification">30.1 Host Identification</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Platf=
orm-Type.html#Platform-Type">30.2 Platform Type Identification</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Files=
ystem-Handling.html#Filesystem-Handling">30.3 Controlling and Querying Moun=
ts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mount-Info=
rmation.html#Mount-Information">30.3.1 Mount Information</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/fstab.html=
#fstab">30.3.1.1 The <samp><span class=3D"file">fstab</span></samp> file</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/mtab.=
html#mtab">30.3.1.2 The <samp><span class=3D"file">mtab</span></samp> file<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Mount-Information.html#Other-Mount-Information">30.3.1.3 Other (Non-libc)=
 Sources of Mount Information</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mount=
_002dUnmount_002dRemount.html#Mount_002dUnmount_002dRemount">30.3.2 Mount,=
 Unmount, Remount</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Parameters.html#System-Parameters">30.4 System Parameters</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_System-Configuration" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/so=
ftware/libc/manual/html_node/System-Configuration.html#System-Configuration=
">31 System Configuration Parameters</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/General-Li=
mits.html#General-Limits">31.1 General Capacity Limits</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Options.html#System-Options">31.2 Overall System Options</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Versi=
on-Supported.html#Version-Supported">31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Support=
ed</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sysco=
nf.html#Sysconf">31.4 Using <code>sysconf</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sysconf-De=
finition.html#Sysconf-Definition">31.4.1 Definition of <code>sysconf</code>=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Const=
ants-for-Sysconf.html#Constants-for-Sysconf">31.4.2 Constants for <code>sys=
conf</code> Parameters</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
les-of-Sysconf.html#Examples-of-Sysconf">31.4.3 Examples of <code>sysconf</=
code></a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Minim=
ums.html#Minimums">31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Limit=
s-for-Files.html#Limits-for-Files">31.6 Limits on File System Capacity</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Optio=
ns-for-Files.html#Options-for-Files">31.7 Optional Features in File Support=
</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Minimums.html#File-Minimums">31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pathc=
onf.html#Pathconf">31.9 Using <code>pathconf</code></a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Utili=
ty-Limits.html#Utility-Limits">31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Utili=
ty-Minimums.html#Utility-Minimums">31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits<=
/a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g-Parameters.html#String-Parameters">31.12 String-Valued Parameters</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Cryptographic-Functions" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org=
/software/libc/manual/html_node/Cryptographic-Functions.html#Cryptographic-=
Functions">32 DES Encryption and Password Handling</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Legal-Prob=
lems.html#Legal-Problems">32.1 Legal Problems</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/getpa=
ss.html#getpass">32.2 Reading Passwords</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/crypt=
.html#crypt">32.3 Encrypting Passwords</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/DES-E=
ncryption.html#DES-Encryption">32.4 DES Encryption</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Debugging-Support" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softw=
are/libc/manual/html_node/Debugging-Support.html#Debugging-Support">33 Debu=
gging support</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Backtraces=
.html#Backtraces">33.1 Backtraces</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_POSIX-Threads" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/=
libc/manual/html_node/POSIX-Threads.html#POSIX-Threads">34 POSIX Threads</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Thread_002=
dspecific-Data.html#Thread_002dspecific-Data">34.1 Thread-specific Data</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dPOSIX-Extensions.html#Non_002dPOSIX-Extensions">34.2 Non-POSIX Extension=
s</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Default-Th=
read-Attributes.html#Default-Thread-Attributes">34.2.1 Setting Process-wide=
 defaults for thread attributes</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Language-Features" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softw=
are/libc/manual/html_node/Language-Features.html#Language-Features">Appendi=
x A C Language Facilities in the Library</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Consistenc=
y-Checking.html#Consistency-Checking">A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Cons=
istency</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
dic-Functions.html#Variadic-Functions">A.2 Variadic Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-Variad=
ic.html#Why-Variadic">A.2.1 Why Variadic Functions are Used</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-V=
ariadic.html#How-Variadic">A.2.2 How Variadic Functions are Defined and Use=
d</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Variadic-P=
rototypes.html#Variadic-Prototypes">A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Recei=
ving-Arguments.html#Receiving-Arguments">A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Val=
ues</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-M=
any-Arguments.html#How-Many-Arguments">A.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supp=
lied</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calli=
ng-Variadics.html#Calling-Variadics">A.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argum=
ent-Macros.html#Argument-Macros">A.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
dic-Example.html#Variadic-Example">A.2.3 Example of a Variadic Function</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Null-=
Pointer-Constant.html#Null-Pointer-Constant">A.3 Null Pointer Constant</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Impor=
tant-Data-Types.html#Important-Data-Types">A.4 Important Data Types</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Data-=
Type-Measurements.html#Data-Type-Measurements">A.5 Data Type Measurements</=
a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Width-of-T=
ype.html#Width-of-Type">A.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type</=
a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Range=
-of-Type.html#Range-of-Type">A.5.2 Range of an Integer Type</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Type-Macros.html#Floating-Type-Macros">A.5.3 Floating Type Macros</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Floating-P=
oint-Concepts.html#Floating-Point-Concepts">A.5.3.1 Floating Point Represen=
tation Concepts</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Parameters.html#Floating-Point-Parameters">A.5.3.2 Floating Point=
 Parameters</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/IEEE-=
Floating-Point.html#IEEE-Floating-Point">A.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Struc=
ture-Measurement.html#Structure-Measurement">A.5.4 Structure Field Offset=
 Measurement</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Library-Summary" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/softwar=
e/libc/manual/html_node/Library-Summary.html#Library-Summary">Appendix B Su=
mmary of Library Facilities</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Installation" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/l=
ibc/manual/html_node/Installation.html#Installation">Appendix C Installing=
 the GNU C Library</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Configurin=
g-and-compiling.html#Configuring-and-compiling">C.1 Configuring and compili=
ng the GNU C Library</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Runni=
ng-make-install.html#Running-make-install">C.2 Installing the C Library</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tools=
-for-Compilation.html#Tools-for-Compilation">C.3 Recommended Tools for Comp=
ilation</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Linux=
.html#Linux">C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Repor=
ting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">C.5 Reporting Bugs</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Maintenance" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/li=
bc/manual/html_node/Maintenance.html#Maintenance">Appendix D Library Mainte=
nance</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Source-Lay=
out.html#Source-Layout">D.1 Adding New Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Adding-Pla=
tform_002dspecific.html#Adding-Platform_002dspecific">D.1.1 Platform-specif=
ic types, macros and functions</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Porti=
ng.html#Porting">D.2 Porting the GNU C Library</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hierarchy-=
Conventions.html#Hierarchy-Conventions">D.2.1 Layout of the <samp><span cla=
ss=3D"file">sysdeps</span></samp> Directory Hierarchy</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Porti=
ng-to-Unix.html#Porting-to-Unix">D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Sy=
stems</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Platform" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/=
manual/html_node/Platform.html#Platform">Appendix E Platform-specific facil=
ities</a>
<ul>
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/PowerPC.ht=
ml#PowerPC">E.1 PowerPC-specific Facilities</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Contributors" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/l=
ibc/manual/html_node/Contributors.html#Contributors">Appendix F Contributor=
s to the GNU C Library</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Free-Manuals" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/l=
ibc/manual/html_node/Free-Manuals.html#Free-Manuals">Appendix G Free Softwa=
re Needs Free Documentation</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Copying" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/m=
anual/html_node/Copying.html#Copying">Appendix H GNU Lesser General Public=
 License</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Documentation-License" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/s=
oftware/libc/manual/html_node/Documentation-License.html#Documentation-Lice=
nse">Appendix I GNU Free Documentation License</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Concept-Index" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/=
libc/manual/html_node/Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Type-Index" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/lib=
c/manual/html_node/Type-Index.html#Type-Index">Type Index</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Function-Index" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software=
/libc/manual/html_node/Function-Index.html#Function-Index">Function and Mac=
ro Index</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_Variable-Index" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software=
/libc/manual/html_node/Variable-Index.html#Variable-Index">Variable and Con=
stant Macro Index</a>
</li><li><a name=3D"toc_File-Index" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/lib=
c/manual/html_node/File-Index.html#File-Index">Program and File Index</a>
</li></ul>
</div>

<div class=3D"node">
<a name=3D"Top"></a>
<p>
Next:=A0<a rel=3D"next" accesskey=3D"n" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software=
/libc/manual/html_node/Introduction.html#Introduction">Introduction</a>,
Previous:=A0<a rel=3D"previous" accesskey=3D"p" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/=
software/libc/manual/index.html#dir">(dir)</a>,
Up:=A0<a rel=3D"up" accesskey=3D"u" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/lib=
c/manual/index.html#dir">(dir)</a>
</p><hr>
</div>

<h2 class=3D"unnumbered">Main Menu</h2>

<p>This is
<!-- Disabled (printed editions, see above). -->
<!-- Edition @value{EDITION} of -->
<cite>The GNU C Library Reference Manual</cite>, for Version 2.18
of the GNU C Library.

</p><ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a accesskey=3D"1" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html=
_node/Introduction.html#Introduction">Introduction</a>:                  Pu=
rpose of the GNU C Library.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"2" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a>:    =
           How library functions report errors.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"3" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/Memory.html#Memory">Memory</a>:                        Allocatin=
g virtual memory and controlling
                                   paging.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"4" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/Character-Handling.html#Character-Handling">Character Handling</=
a>:            Character testing and conversion functions.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"5" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/String-and-Array-Utilities.html#String-and-Array-Utilities">Stri=
ng and Array Utilities</a>:    Utilities for copying and comparing strings
                                   and arrays.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"6" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/Character-Set-Handling.html#Character-Set-Handling">Character Se=
t Handling</a>:        Support for extended character sets.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"7" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/Locales.html#Locales">Locales</a>:                       The cou=
ntry and language can affect the
                                   behavior of library functions.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"8" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/Message-Translation.html#Message-Translation">Message Translatio=
n</a>:           How to make the program speak the user's
                                   language.=20
</li><li><a accesskey=3D"9" href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual=
/html_node/Searching-and-Sorting.html#Searching-and-Sorting">Searching and=
 Sorting</a>:         General searching and sorting functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Patte=
rn-Matching.html#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>:              Match=
ing shell ``globs'' and regular
                                   expressions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002=
fO-Overview.html#I_002fO-Overview">I/O Overview</a>:                  Intro=
duction to the I/O facilities.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002=
fO-on-Streams.html#I_002fO-on-Streams">I/O on Streams</a>:               =
 High-level, portable I/O facilities.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Low_0=
02dLevel-I_002fO.html#Low_002dLevel-I_002fO">Low-Level I/O</a>:          =
       Low-level, less portable I/O.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
System-Interface.html#File-System-Interface">File System Interface</a>:  =
       Functions for manipulating files.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pipes=
-and-FIFOs.html#Pipes-and-FIFOs">Pipes and FIFOs</a>:               A simpl=
e interprocess communication
                                   mechanism.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
ts.html#Sockets">Sockets</a>:                       A more complicated IPC=
 mechanism, with
                                   networking support.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Low_0=
02dLevel-Terminal-Interface.html#Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface">Low-Leve=
l Terminal Interface</a>:  How to change the characteristics of a
                                   terminal device.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syslo=
g.html#Syslog">Syslog</a>:                        System logging and messag=
ing.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mathe=
matics.html#Mathematics">Mathematics</a>:                   Math functions,=
 useful constants, random
                                   numbers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Arith=
metic.html#Arithmetic">Arithmetic</a>:                    Low level arithme=
tic functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Date-=
and-Time.html#Date-and-Time">Date and Time</a>:                 Functions=
 for getting the date and time and
                                   formatting them nicely.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resou=
rce-Usage-And-Limitation.html#Resource-Usage-And-Limitation">Resource Usage=
 And Limitation</a>:  Functions for examining resource usage and
                                   getting and setting limits.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dLocal-Exits.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits">Non-Local Exits</a>:            =
   Jumping out of nested function calls.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Handling.html#Signal-Handling">Signal Handling</a>:               How to=
 send, block, and handle signals.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Progr=
am-Basics.html#Program-Basics">Program Basics</a>:                Writing=
 the beginning and end of your
                                   program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
sses.html#Processes">Processes</a>:                     How to create proce=
sses and run other
                                   programs.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Job-C=
ontrol.html#Job-Control">Job Control</a>:                   All about proce=
ss groups and sessions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Name-=
Service-Switch.html#Name-Service-Switch">Name Service Switch</a>:        =
   Accessing system databases.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Users=
-and-Groups.html#Users-and-Groups">Users and Groups</a>:              How=
 users are identified and classified.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Management.html#System-Management">System Management</a>:             Con=
trolling the system and getting
                                   information about it.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Configuration.html#System-Configuration">System Configuration</a>:     =
     Parameters describing operating system
                                   limits.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Crypt=
ographic-Functions.html#Cryptographic-Functions">Cryptographic Functions</a=
>:       DES encryption and password handling.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Debug=
ging-Support.html#Debugging-Support">Debugging Support</a>:             Fun=
ctions to help debugging applications.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX=
-Threads.html#POSIX-Threads">POSIX Threads</a>:                 POSIX Threa=
ds.

</li></ul>
<p>Appendices

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Language-F=
eatures.html#Language-Features">Language Features</a>:             C langua=
ge features provided by the library.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Libra=
ry-Summary.html#Library-Summary">Library Summary</a>:               A summa=
ry showing the syntax, header file,
                                   and derivation of each library feature.=
=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Insta=
llation.html#Installation">Installation</a>:                  How to instal=
l the GNU C Library.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Maint=
enance.html#Maintenance">Maintenance</a>:                   How to enhance=
 and port the GNU C Library.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Platf=
orm.html#Platform">Platform</a>:                      Describe all platform=
-specific facilities
                                   provided.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
ibutors.html#Contributors">Contributors</a>:                  Who wrote wha=
t parts of the GNU C Library.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Free-=
Manuals.html#Free-Manuals">Free Manuals</a>: 		 Free Software Needs Free Do=
cumentation.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Copyi=
ng.html#Copying">Copying</a>:                       The GNU Lesser General=
 Public License says
                                  how you can copy and share the GNU C Libr=
ary.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Docum=
entation-License.html#Documentation-License">Documentation License</a>:  =
       This manual is under the GNU Free
                                  Documentation License.

</li></ul>
<p>Indices

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Concept-In=
dex.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:                 Index of concept=
s and names.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Type-=
Index.html#Type-Index">Type Index</a>:                    Index of types an=
d type qualifiers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Funct=
ion-Index.html#Function-Index">Function Index</a>:                Index of=
 functions and function-like macros.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Index.html#Variable-Index">Variable Index</a>:                Index of=
 variables and variable-like macros.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Index.html#File-Index">File Index</a>:                    Index of programs=
 and files.

</li></ul>
<p>--- The Detailed Node Listing ---

</p><p>Introduction

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getting-St=
arted.html#Getting-Started">Getting Started</a>:              What this man=
ual is for and how to use it.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ards-and-Portability.html#Standards-and-Portability">Standards and Portabil=
ity</a>:    Standards and sources upon which the GNU
                                 C library is based.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-the-Library.html#Using-the-Library">Using the Library</a>:            Some=
 practical uses for the library.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Roadm=
ap-to-the-Manual.html#Roadmap-to-the-Manual">Roadmap to the Manual</a>:  =
      Overview of the remaining chapters in
                                 this manual.

</li></ul>
<p>Standards and Portability

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/ISO-C.html=
#ISO-C">ISO C</a>:                        The international standard for th=
e C
                                 programming language.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX=
.html#POSIX">POSIX</a>:                        The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE=
 1003) standards
                                 for operating systems.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Berke=
ley-Unix.html#Berkeley-Unix">Berkeley Unix</a>:                BSD and SunO=
S.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/SVID.=
html#SVID">SVID</a>:                         The System V Interface Descrip=
tion.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/XPG.h=
tml#XPG">XPG</a>:                          The X/Open Portability Guide.

</li></ul>
<p>Using the Library

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Header-Fil=
es.html#Header-Files">Header Files</a>:                 How to include the=
 header files in your
                                 programs.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Macro=
-Definitions.html#Macro-Definitions">Macro Definitions</a>:            Some=
 functions in the library may really
                                 be implemented as macros.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Reser=
ved-Names.html#Reserved-Names">Reserved Names</a>:               The C stan=
dard reserves some names for
                                 the library, and some for users.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Featu=
re-Test-Macros.html#Feature-Test-Macros">Feature Test Macros</a>:        =
  How to control what names are defined.

</li></ul>
<p>Error Reporting

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Checking-f=
or-Errors.html#Checking-for-Errors">Checking for Errors</a>:          How=
 errors are reported by library functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
-Codes.html#Error-Codes">Error Codes</a>:                  Error code macro=
s; all of these expand
                                 into integer constant values.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a>:               Mapping er=
ror codes onto error messages.

</li></ul>
<p>Memory

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memory-Con=
cepts.html#Memory-Concepts">Memory Concepts</a>:              An introducti=
on to concepts and terminology.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memor=
y-Allocation.html#Memory-Allocation">Memory Allocation</a>:            Allo=
cating storage for your program data
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resiz=
ing-the-Data-Segment.html#Resizing-the-Data-Segment">Resizing the Data Segm=
ent</a>:    <code>brk</code>, <code>sbrk</code>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Locki=
ng-Pages.html#Locking-Pages">Locking Pages</a>:                Preventing=
 page faults

</li></ul>
<p>Memory Allocation

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memory-All=
ocation-and-C.html#Memory-Allocation-and-C">Memory Allocation and C</a>: =
     How to get different kinds of allocation in C.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Uncon=
strained-Allocation.html#Unconstrained-Allocation">Unconstrained Allocation=
</a>:     The <code>malloc</code> facility allows fully general
		 		 dynamic allocation.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloc=
ation-Debugging.html#Allocation-Debugging">Allocation Debugging</a>:     =
    Finding memory leaks and not freed memory.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
cks.html#Obstacks">Obstacks</a>:                     Obstacks are less gene=
ral than malloc
				 but more efficient and convenient.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Size-Automatic.html#Variable-Size-Automatic">Variable Size Automatic</a=
>:      Allocation of variable-sized blocks
				 of automatic storage that are freed when the
				 calling function returns.

</li></ul>
<p>Unconstrained Allocation

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Basic-Allo=
cation.html#Basic-Allocation">Basic Allocation</a>:             Simple use=
 of <code>malloc</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mallo=
c-Examples.html#Malloc-Examples">Malloc Examples</a>:              Examples=
 of <code>malloc</code>.  <code>xmalloc</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Freei=
ng-after-Malloc.html#Freeing-after-Malloc">Freeing after Malloc</a>:     =
    Use <code>free</code> to free a block you
				 got with <code>malloc</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chang=
ing-Block-Size.html#Changing-Block-Size">Changing Block Size</a>:        =
  Use <code>realloc</code> to make a block
				 bigger or smaller.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloc=
ating-Cleared-Space.html#Allocating-Cleared-Space">Allocating Cleared Space=
</a>:     Use <code>calloc</code> to allocate a
				 block and clear it.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Effic=
iency-and-Malloc.html#Efficiency-and-Malloc">Efficiency and Malloc</a>:  =
      Efficiency considerations in use of
				 these functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Align=
ed-Memory-Blocks.html#Aligned-Memory-Blocks">Aligned Memory Blocks</a>:  =
      Allocating specially aligned memory.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mallo=
c-Tunable-Parameters.html#Malloc-Tunable-Parameters">Malloc Tunable Paramet=
ers</a>:    Use <code>mallopt</code> to adjust allocation
                                 parameters.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Heap-=
Consistency-Checking.html#Heap-Consistency-Checking">Heap Consistency Check=
ing</a>:    Automatic checking for errors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hooks=
-for-Malloc.html#Hooks-for-Malloc">Hooks for Malloc</a>:             You ca=
n use these hooks for debugging
				 programs that use <code>malloc</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stati=
stics-of-Malloc.html#Statistics-of-Malloc">Statistics of Malloc</a>:     =
    Getting information about how much
				 memory your program is using.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Summa=
ry-of-Malloc.html#Summary-of-Malloc">Summary of Malloc</a>:            Summ=
ary of <code>malloc</code> and related functions.

</li></ul>
<p>Allocation Debugging

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tracing-ma=
lloc.html#Tracing-malloc">Tracing malloc</a>:                How to install=
 the tracing functionality.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-the-Memory-Debugger.html#Using-the-Memory-Debugger">Using the Memory Debug=
ger</a>:     Example programs excerpts.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tips-=
for-the-Memory-Debugger.html#Tips-for-the-Memory-Debugger">Tips for the Mem=
ory Debugger</a>:  Some more or less clever ideas.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
preting-the-traces.html#Interpreting-the-traces">Interpreting the traces</a=
>:       What do all these lines mean?

</li></ul>
<p>Obstacks

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-O=
bstacks.html#Creating-Obstacks">Creating Obstacks</a>: 		How to declare an=
 obstack in your program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Prepa=
ring-for-Obstacks.html#Preparing-for-Obstacks">Preparing for Obstacks</a>:=
 	Preparations needed before you can
				 use obstacks.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloc=
ation-in-an-Obstack.html#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack=
</a>:     Allocating objects in an obstack.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Freei=
ng-Obstack-Objects.html#Freeing-Obstack-Objects">Freeing Obstack Objects</a=
>:      Freeing objects in an obstack.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
ck-Functions.html#Obstack-Functions">Obstack Functions</a>: 		The obstack=
 functions are both
				 functions and macros.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Growi=
ng-Objects.html#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a>:              Making=
 an object bigger by stages.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Extra=
-Fast-Growing.html#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a>: 		Extra-high=
-efficiency (though more
				 complicated) growing objects.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Statu=
s-of-an-Obstack.html#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a>:     =
    Inquiries about the status of an obstack.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
cks-Data-Alignment.html#Obstacks-Data-Alignment">Obstacks Data Alignment</a=
>:      Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Obsta=
ck-Chunks.html#Obstack-Chunks">Obstack Chunks</a>:               How obstac=
ks obtain and release chunks;
				 efficiency considerations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Summa=
ry-of-Obstacks.html#Summary-of-Obstacks">Summary of Obstacks</a>

</li></ul>
<p>Variable Size Automatic

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alloca-Exa=
mple.html#Alloca-Example">Alloca Example</a>:               Example of usin=
g <code>alloca</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Advan=
tages-of-Alloca.html#Advantages-of-Alloca">Advantages of Alloca</a>:     =
    Reasons to use <code>alloca</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Disad=
vantages-of-Alloca.html#Disadvantages-of-Alloca">Disadvantages of Alloca</a=
>:      Reasons to avoid <code>alloca</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/GNU-C=
-Variable_002dSize-Arrays.html#GNU-C-Variable_002dSize-Arrays">GNU C Variab=
le-Size Arrays</a>:   Only in GNU C, here is an alternative
				 method of allocating dynamically and
				 freeing automatically.

</li></ul>
<p>Locking Pages

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-Lock-P=
ages.html#Why-Lock-Pages">Why Lock Pages</a>:                 Reasons to re=
ad this section.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Locke=
d-Memory-Details.html#Locked-Memory-Details">Locked Memory Details</a>:  =
        Everything you need to know locked
                                    memory
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Page-=
Lock-Functions.html#Page-Lock-Functions">Page Lock Functions</a>:        =
    Here's how to do it.

</li></ul>
<p>Character Handling

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Classifica=
tion-of-Characters.html#Classification-of-Characters">Classification of Cha=
racters</a>:        Testing whether characters are
			                letters, digits, punctuation, etc.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Case-=
Conversion.html#Case-Conversion">Case Conversion</a>:                    =
 Case mapping, and the like.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Class=
ification-of-Wide-Characters.html#Classification-of-Wide-Characters">Classi=
fication of Wide Characters</a>:   Character class determination for
                                        wide characters.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-Wide-Char-Classes.html#Using-Wide-Char-Classes">Using Wide Char Classes</a=
>:             Notes on using the wide character
                                        classes.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Wide-=
Character-Case-Conversion.html#Wide-Character-Case-Conversion">Wide Charact=
er Case Conversion</a>:      Mapping of wide characters.

</li></ul>
<p>String and Array Utilities

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Representa=
tion-of-Strings.html#Representation-of-Strings">Representation of Strings</=
a>:    Introduction to basic concepts.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g_002fArray-Conventions.html#String_002fArray-Conventions">String/Array Con=
ventions</a>:     Whether to use a string function or an
				 arbitrary array function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g-Length.html#String-Length">String Length</a>:                Determining=
 the length of a string.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Copyi=
ng-and-Concatenation.html#Copying-and-Concatenation">Copying and Concatenat=
ion</a>:    Functions to copy the contents of strings
				 and arrays.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g_002fArray-Comparison.html#String_002fArray-Comparison">String/Array Compa=
rison</a>:      Functions for byte-wise and character-wise
				 comparison.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Colla=
tion-Functions.html#Collation-Functions">Collation Functions</a>:        =
  Functions for collating strings.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Searc=
h-Functions.html#Search-Functions">Search Functions</a>:             Search=
ing for a specific element or substring.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Findi=
ng-Tokens-in-a-String.html#Finding-Tokens-in-a-String">Finding Tokens in a=
 String</a>:   Splitting a string into tokens by looking
				 for delimiters.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/strfr=
y.html#strfry">strfry</a>:                       Function for flash-cooking=
 a string.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Trivi=
al-Encryption.html#Trivial-Encryption">Trivial Encryption</a>:           Ob=
scuring data.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Encod=
e-Binary-Data.html#Encode-Binary-Data">Encode Binary Data</a>:           En=
coding and Decoding of Binary Data.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argz-=
and-Envz-Vectors.html#Argz-and-Envz-Vectors">Argz and Envz Vectors</a>:  =
      Null-separated string vectors.

</li></ul>
<p>Argz and Envz Vectors

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argz-Funct=
ions.html#Argz-Functions">Argz Functions</a>:               Operations on=
 argz vectors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Envz-=
Functions.html#Envz-Functions">Envz Functions</a>:               Additional=
 operations on environment vectors.

</li></ul>
<p>Character Set Handling

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Extended-C=
har-Intro.html#Extended-Char-Intro">Extended Char Intro</a>:             =
  Introduction to Extended Characters.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chars=
et-Function-Overview.html#Charset-Function-Overview">Charset Function Overv=
iew</a>:         Overview about Character Handling
                                      Functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resta=
rtable-multibyte-conversion.html#Restartable-multibyte-conversion">Restarta=
ble multibyte conversion</a>:  Restartable multibyte conversion
                                      Functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dreentrant-Conversion.html#Non_002dreentrant-Conversion">Non-reentrant Co=
nversion</a>:          Non-reentrant Conversion Function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Gener=
ic-Charset-Conversion.html#Generic-Charset-Conversion">Generic Charset Conv=
ersion</a>:        Generic Charset Conversion.

</li></ul>
<p>Restartable multibyte conversion

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Selecting-=
the-Conversion.html#Selecting-the-Conversion">Selecting the Conversion</a>:=
      Selecting the conversion and its properties.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Keepi=
ng-the-state.html#Keeping-the-state">Keeping the state</a>:             Rep=
resenting the state of the conversion.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conve=
rting-a-Character.html#Converting-a-Character">Converting a Character</a>:=
        Converting Single Characters.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conve=
rting-Strings.html#Converting-Strings">Converting Strings</a>:           =
 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character
                                  Strings.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Multi=
byte-Conversion-Example.html#Multibyte-Conversion-Example">Multibyte Conver=
sion Example</a>:  A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example.

</li></ul>
<p>Non-reentrant Conversion

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_002dre=
entrant-Character-Conversion.html#Non_002dreentrant-Character-Conversion">N=
on-reentrant Character Conversion</a>:   Non-reentrant Conversion of Single
                                         Characters.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dreentrant-String-Conversion.html#Non_002dreentrant-String-Conversion">No=
n-reentrant String Conversion</a>:      Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings=
.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Shift=
-State.html#Shift-State">Shift State</a>:                          States=
 in Non-reentrant Functions.

</li></ul>
<p>Generic Charset Conversion

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Generic-Co=
nversion-Interface.html#Generic-Conversion-Interface">Generic Conversion In=
terface</a>:     Generic Character Set Conversion Interface.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/iconv=
-Examples.html#iconv-Examples">iconv Examples</a>:                   A comp=
lete <code>iconv</code> example.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-iconv-Implementations.html#Other-iconv-Implementations">Other iconv Implem=
entations</a>:      Some Details about other <code>iconv</code>
                                     Implementations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/glibc=
-iconv-Implementation.html#glibc-iconv-Implementation">glibc iconv Implemen=
tation</a>:       The <code>iconv</code> Implementation in the GNU C
                                     library.

</li></ul>
<p>Locales

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Effects-of=
-Locale.html#Effects-of-Locale">Effects of Locale</a>:            Actions=
 affected by the choice of
                                 locale.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Choos=
ing-Locale.html#Choosing-Locale">Choosing Locale</a>:              How the=
 user specifies a locale.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
e-Categories.html#Locale-Categories">Locale Categories</a>:            Diff=
erent purposes for which you can
                                 select a locale.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-the-Locale.html#Setting-the-Locale">Setting the Locale</a>:           Ho=
w a program specifies the locale
                                 with library functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Locales.html#Standard-Locales">Standard Locales</a>:             Locale=
 names available on all systems.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
e-Information.html#Locale-Information">Locale Information</a>:           Ho=
w to access the information for the locale.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tting-Numbers.html#Formatting-Numbers">Formatting Numbers</a>:           A=
 dedicated function to format numbers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Yes_0=
02dor_002dNo-Questions.html#Yes_002dor_002dNo-Questions">Yes-or-No Question=
s</a>:          Check a Response against the locale.

</li></ul>
<p>Locale Information

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-Lame-W=
ay-to-Locale-Data.html#The-Lame-Way-to-Locale-Data">The Lame Way to Locale=
 Data</a>:    ISO C's <code>localeconv</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-E=
legant-and-Fast-Way.html#The-Elegant-and-Fast-Way">The Elegant and Fast Way=
</a>:       X/Open's <code>nl_langinfo</code>.

</li></ul>
<p>The Lame Way to Locale Data

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/General-Nu=
meric.html#General-Numeric">General Numeric</a>:              Parameters fo=
r formatting numbers and
                                 currency amounts.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Curre=
ncy-Symbol.html#Currency-Symbol">Currency Symbol</a>:              How to=
 print the symbol that identifies an
                                 amount of money (e.g. =91<samp><span class=
=3D"samp">$</span></samp>=92).=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sign-=
of-Money-Amount.html#Sign-of-Money-Amount">Sign of Money Amount</a>:     =
    How to print the (positive or negative) sign
                                 for a monetary amount, if one exists.

</li></ul>
<p>Message Translation

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Message-ca=
talogs-a-la-X_002fOpen.html#Message-catalogs-a-la-X_002fOpen">Message catal=
ogs a la X/Open</a>:   The <code>catgets</code> family of functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-U=
niforum-approach.html#The-Uniforum-approach">The Uniforum approach</a>:  =
        The <code>gettext</code> family of functions.

</li></ul>
<p>Message catalogs a la X/Open

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-catget=
s-Functions.html#The-catgets-Functions">The catgets Functions</a>:       Th=
e <code>catgets</code> function family.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-m=
essage-catalog-files.html#The-message-catalog-files">The message catalog fi=
les</a>:   Format of the message catalog files.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/The-g=
encat-program.html#The-gencat-program">The gencat program</a>:          How=
 to generate message catalogs files which
                                can be used by the functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Commo=
n-Usage.html#Common-Usage">Common Usage</a>:                How to use the=
 <code>catgets</code> interface.

</li></ul>
<p>The Uniforum approach

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Message-ca=
talogs-with-gettext.html#Message-catalogs-with-gettext">Message catalogs wi=
th gettext</a>:   The <code>gettext</code> family of functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Helpe=
r-programs-for-gettext.html#Helper-programs-for-gettext">Helper programs fo=
r gettext</a>:     Programs to handle message catalogs
                                    for <code>gettext</code>.

</li></ul>
<p>Message catalogs with gettext

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Translatio=
n-with-gettext.html#Translation-with-gettext">Translation with gettext</a>:=
        What has to be done to translate a message.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Locat=
ing-gettext-catalog.html#Locating-gettext-catalog">Locating gettext catalog=
</a>:        How to determine which catalog to be used.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Advan=
ced-gettext-functions.html#Advanced-gettext-functions">Advanced gettext fun=
ctions</a>:      Additional functions for more complicated
                                    situations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chars=
et-conversion-in-gettext.html#Charset-conversion-in-gettext">Charset conver=
sion in gettext</a>:   How to specify the output character set
                                    <code>gettext</code> uses.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/GUI-p=
rogram-problems.html#GUI-program-problems">GUI program problems</a>:     =
       How to use <code>gettext</code> in GUI programs.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using=
-gettextized-software.html#Using-gettextized-software">Using gettextized so=
ftware</a>:      The possibilities of the user to influence
                                    the way <code>gettext</code> works.

</li></ul>
<p>Searching and Sorting

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Comparison=
-Functions.html#Comparison-Functions">Comparison Functions</a>:         Def=
ining how to compare two objects.=20
				 Since the sort and search facilities
                                 are general, you have to specify the
                                 ordering.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Array=
-Search-Function.html#Array-Search-Function">Array Search Function</a>:  =
      The <code>bsearch</code> function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Array=
-Sort-Function.html#Array-Sort-Function">Array Sort Function</a>:        =
  The <code>qsort</code> function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Searc=
h_002fSort-Example.html#Search_002fSort-Example">Search/Sort Example</a>:=
          An example program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hash-=
Search-Function.html#Hash-Search-Function">Hash Search Function</a>:     =
    The <code>hsearch</code> function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tree-=
Search-Function.html#Tree-Search-Function">Tree Search Function</a>:     =
    The <code>tsearch</code> function.

</li></ul>
<p>Pattern Matching

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Wildcard-M=
atching.html#Wildcard-Matching">Wildcard Matching</a>:     Matching a wildc=
ard pattern against a single string.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Globb=
ing.html#Globbing">Globbing</a>:              Finding the files that match=
 a wildcard pattern.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Regul=
ar-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions">Regular Expressions</a>:   Matchin=
g regular expressions against strings.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Word-=
Expansion.html#Word-Expansion">Word Expansion</a>:        Expanding shell=
 variables, nested commands,
			    arithmetic, and wildcards.=20
			    This is what the shell does with shell commands.

</li></ul>
<p>Globbing

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calling-Gl=
ob.html#Calling-Glob">Calling Glob</a>:              Basic use of <code>glo=
b</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-Globbing.html#Flags-for-Globbing">Flags for Globbing</a>:        Flags=
 that enable various options in <code>glob</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/More-=
Flags-for-Globbing.html#More-Flags-for-Globbing">More Flags for Globbing</a=
>:   GNU specific extensions to <code>glob</code>.

</li></ul>
<p>Regular Expressions

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/POSIX-Rege=
xp-Compilation.html#POSIX-Regexp-Compilation">POSIX Regexp Compilation</a>:=
     Using <code>regcomp</code> to prepare to match.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-POSIX-Regexps.html#Flags-for-POSIX-Regexps">Flags for POSIX Regexps</a=
>:      Syntax variations for <code>regcomp</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Match=
ing-POSIX-Regexps.html#Matching-POSIX-Regexps">Matching POSIX Regexps</a>:=
       Using <code>regexec</code> to match the compiled
				   pattern that you get from <code>regcomp</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Regex=
p-Subexpressions.html#Regexp-Subexpressions">Regexp Subexpressions</a>:  =
      Finding which parts of the string were matched.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Subex=
pression-Complications.html#Subexpression-Complications">Subexpression Comp=
lications</a>:  Find points of which parts were matched.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Regex=
p-Cleanup.html#Regexp-Cleanup">Regexp Cleanup</a>: 		Freeing storage; repor=
ting errors.

</li></ul>
<p>Word Expansion

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Expansion-=
Stages.html#Expansion-Stages">Expansion Stages</a>:             What word=
 expansion does to a string.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calli=
ng-Wordexp.html#Calling-Wordexp">Calling Wordexp</a>:              How to=
 call <code>wordexp</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-Wordexp.html#Flags-for-Wordexp">Flags for Wordexp</a>:            Opti=
ons you can enable in <code>wordexp</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Worde=
xp-Example.html#Wordexp-Example">Wordexp Example</a>:              A sample=
 program that does word expansion.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tilde=
-Expansion.html#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>:              Details=
 of how tilde expansion works.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Substitution.html#Variable-Substitution">Variable Substitution</a>:  =
      Different types of variable substitution.

</li></ul>
<p>I/O Overview

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Co=
ncepts.html#I_002fO-Concepts">I/O Concepts</a>:        Some basic informati=
on and terminology.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Names.html#File-Names">File Names</a>:          How to refer to a file.

</li></ul>
<p>I/O Concepts

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Streams-an=
d-File-Descriptors.html#Streams-and-File-Descriptors">Streams and File Desc=
riptors</a>:     The GNU C Library provides two ways
			             to access the contents of files.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Position.html#File-Position">File Position</a>:                    The numb=
er of bytes from the
                                     beginning of the file.

</li></ul>
<p>File Names

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Directorie=
s.html#Directories">Directories</a>:                  Directories contain=
 entries for files.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Name-Resolution.html#File-Name-Resolution">File Name Resolution</a>:     =
    A file name specifies how to look up a file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Name-Errors.html#File-Name-Errors">File Name Errors</a>:             Error=
 conditions relating to file names.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Name-Portability.html#File-Name-Portability">File Name Portability</a>:  =
      File name portability and syntax issues.

</li></ul>
<p>I/O on Streams

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Streams.ht=
ml#Streams">Streams</a>:                      About the data type represent=
ing a stream.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Streams.html#Standard-Streams">Standard Streams</a>:             Stream=
s to the standard input and output
				 devices are created for you.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Openi=
ng-Streams.html#Opening-Streams">Opening Streams</a>:              How to=
 create a stream to talk to a file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Closi=
ng-Streams.html#Closing-Streams">Closing Streams</a>:              Close a=
 stream when you are finished with it.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
ms-and-Threads.html#Streams-and-Threads">Streams and Threads</a>:        =
  Issues with streams in threaded programs.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
ms-and-I18N.html#Streams-and-I18N">Streams and I18N</a>:             Stream=
s in internationalized applications.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simpl=
e-Output.html#Simple-Output">Simple Output</a>:                Unformatted=
 output by characters and lines.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Chara=
cter-Input.html#Character-Input">Character Input</a>:              Unformat=
ted input by characters and words.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Line-=
Input.html#Line-Input">Line Input</a>:                   Reading a line or=
 a record from a stream.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Unrea=
ding.html#Unreading">Unreading</a>:                    Peeking ahead/pushin=
g back input just read.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
-Input_002fOutput.html#Block-Input_002fOutput">Block Input/Output</a>:   =
        Input and output operations on blocks of data.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a>:             <code>=
printf</code> and related functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Custo=
mizing-Printf.html#Customizing-Printf">Customizing Printf</a>:           Yo=
u can define new conversion specifiers for
				 <code>printf</code> and friends.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a>:              <code>sc=
anf</code> and related functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/EOF-a=
nd-Errors.html#EOF-and-Errors">EOF and Errors</a>:               How you ca=
n tell if an I/O error happens.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
-Recovery.html#Error-Recovery">Error Recovery</a>: 		What you can do about=
 errors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Binar=
y-Streams.html#Binary-Streams">Binary Streams</a>:               Some syste=
ms distinguish between text files
				 and binary files.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Positioning.html#File-Positioning">File Positioning</a>:             About=
 random-access streams.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Porta=
ble-Positioning.html#Portable-Positioning">Portable Positioning</a>:     =
    Random access on peculiar ISO C systems.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
m-Buffering.html#Stream-Buffering">Stream Buffering</a>:             How to=
 control buffering of streams.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Kinds-of-Streams.html#Other-Kinds-of-Streams">Other Kinds of Streams</a>:=
       Streams that do not necessarily correspond
				 to an open file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Messages.html#Formatted-Messages">Formatted Messages</a>:           Pr=
int strictly formatted messages.

</li></ul>
<p>Unreading

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Unreading-=
Idea.html#Unreading-Idea">Unreading Idea</a>:               An explanation=
 of unreading with pictures.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-U=
nread.html#How-Unread">How Unread</a>:                   How to call <code>=
ungetc</code> to do unreading.

</li></ul>
<p>Formatted Output

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Formatted-=
Output-Basics.html#Formatted-Output-Basics">Formatted Output Basics</a>: =
     Some examples to get you started.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Outpu=
t-Conversion-Syntax.html#Output-Conversion-Syntax">Output Conversion Syntax=
</a>:     General syntax of conversion
				 specifications.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Table=
-of-Output-Conversions.html#Table-of-Output-Conversions">Table of Output Co=
nversions</a>:  Summary of output conversions and
				 what they do.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Integ=
er-Conversions.html#Integer-Conversions">Integer Conversions</a>:        =
  Details about formatting of integers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing_002dPoint-Conversions.html#Floating_002dPoint-Conversions">Floating-Poi=
nt Conversions</a>:   Details about formatting of
				 floating-point numbers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Output-Conversions.html#Other-Output-Conversions">Other Output Conversions=
</a>:     Details about formatting of strings,
				 characters, pointers, and the like.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Output-Functions.html#Formatted-Output-Functions">Formatted Output Fun=
ctions</a>:   Descriptions of the actual functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Dynam=
ic-Output.html#Dynamic-Output">Dynamic Output</a>: 		Functions that allocat=
e memory for the output.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Arguments-Output.html#Variable-Arguments-Output">Variable Arguments Out=
put</a>:    <code>vprintf</code> and friends.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-a-Template-String.html#Parsing-a-Template-String">Parsing a Template Str=
ing</a>:    What kinds of args does a given template
				 call for?=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
le-of-Parsing.html#Example-of-Parsing">Example of Parsing</a>:           Sa=
mple program using <code>parse_printf_format</code>.

</li></ul>
<p>Customizing Printf

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Registerin=
g-New-Conversions.html#Registering-New-Conversions">Registering New Convers=
ions</a>:          Using <code>register_printf_function</code>
					 to register a new output conversion.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conve=
rsion-Specifier-Options.html#Conversion-Specifier-Options">Conversion Speci=
fier Options</a>:         The handler must be able to get
					 the options specified in the
					 template when it is called.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Defin=
ing-the-Output-Handler.html#Defining-the-Output-Handler">Defining the Outpu=
t Handler</a>:          Defining the handler and arginfo
					 functions that are passed as arguments
					 to <code>register_printf_function</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Print=
f-Extension-Example.html#Printf-Extension-Example">Printf Extension Example=
</a>:             How to define a <code>printf</code>
					 handler function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Prede=
fined-Printf-Handlers.html#Predefined-Printf-Handlers">Predefined Printf Ha=
ndlers</a>:           Predefined <code>printf</code> handlers.

</li></ul>
<p>Formatted Input

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Formatted-=
Input-Basics.html#Formatted-Input-Basics">Formatted Input Basics</a>:    =
   Some basics to get you started.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Input=
-Conversion-Syntax.html#Input-Conversion-Syntax">Input Conversion Syntax</a=
>:      Syntax of conversion specifications.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Table=
-of-Input-Conversions.html#Table-of-Input-Conversions">Table of Input Conve=
rsions</a>:   Summary of input conversions and what they do.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Numer=
ic-Input-Conversions.html#Numeric-Input-Conversions">Numeric Input Conversi=
ons</a>:    Details of conversions for reading numbers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g-Input-Conversions.html#String-Input-Conversions">String Input Conversions=
</a>:     Details of conversions for reading strings.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Dynam=
ic-String-Input.html#Dynamic-String-Input">Dynamic String Input</a>: 	Strin=
g conversions that <code>malloc</code> the buffer.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Input-Conversions.html#Other-Input-Conversions">Other Input Conversions</a=
>:      Details of miscellaneous other conversions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tted-Input-Functions.html#Formatted-Input-Functions">Formatted Input Functi=
ons</a>:    Descriptions of the actual functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
ble-Arguments-Input.html#Variable-Arguments-Input">Variable Arguments Input=
</a>:     <code>vscanf</code> and friends.

</li></ul>
<p>Stream Buffering

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Buffering-=
Concepts.html#Buffering-Concepts">Buffering Concepts</a>:           Termino=
logy is defined here.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flush=
ing-Buffers.html#Flushing-Buffers">Flushing Buffers</a>:             How to=
 ensure that output buffers are flushed.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
olling-Buffering.html#Controlling-Buffering">Controlling Buffering</a>:  =
      How to specify what kind of buffering to use.

</li></ul>
<p>Other Kinds of Streams

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/String-Str=
eams.html#String-Streams">String Streams</a>:               Streams that ge=
t data from or put data in
				 a string or memory buffer.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Custo=
m-Streams.html#Custom-Streams">Custom Streams</a>:               Defining=
 your own streams with an arbitrary
				 input data source and/or output data sink.

</li></ul>
<p>Custom Streams

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Streams-an=
d-Cookies.html#Streams-and-Cookies">Streams and Cookies</a>:          The=
 <dfn>cookie</dfn> records where to fetch or
				 store data that is read or written.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hook-=
Functions.html#Hook-Functions">Hook Functions</a>:               How you sh=
ould define the four <dfn>hook
				 functions</dfn> that a custom stream needs.

</li></ul>
<p>Formatted Messages

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Printing-F=
ormatted-Messages.html#Printing-Formatted-Messages">Printing Formatted Mess=
ages</a>:    The <code>fmtmsg</code> function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Addin=
g-Severity-Classes.html#Adding-Severity-Classes">Adding Severity Classes</a=
>:        Add more severity classes.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
le.html#Example">Example</a>:                        How to use <code>fmtms=
g</code> and <code>addseverity</code>.

</li></ul>
<p>Low-Level I/O

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opening-an=
d-Closing-Files.html#Opening-and-Closing-Files">Opening and Closing Files</=
a>:            How to open and close file
                                         descriptors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002=
fO-Primitives.html#I_002fO-Primitives">I/O Primitives</a>:               =
        Reading and writing data.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Position-Primitive.html#File-Position-Primitive">File Position Primitive</a=
>:              Setting a descriptor's file
                                         position.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Descr=
iptors-and-Streams.html#Descriptors-and-Streams">Descriptors and Streams</a=
>:              Converting descriptor to stream
                                         or vice-versa.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strea=
m_002fDescriptor-Precautions.html#Stream_002fDescriptor-Precautions">Stream=
/Descriptor Precautions</a>:        Precautions needed if you use both
                                         descriptors and streams.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scatt=
er_002dGather.html#Scatter_002dGather">Scatter-Gather</a>:               =
        Fast I/O to discontinuous buffers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memor=
y_002dmapped-I_002fO.html#Memory_002dmapped-I_002fO">Memory-mapped I/O</a>:=
                    Using files like memory.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Waiti=
ng-for-I_002fO.html#Waiting-for-I_002fO">Waiting for I/O</a>:            =
          How to check for input or output
					 on multiple file descriptors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Synch=
ronizing-I_002fO.html#Synchronizing-I_002fO">Synchronizing I/O</a>:      =
              Making sure all I/O actions completed.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Async=
hronous-I_002fO.html#Asynchronous-I_002fO">Asynchronous I/O</a>:         =
            Perform I/O in parallel.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
ol-Operations.html#Control-Operations">Control Operations</a>:           =
        Various other operations on file
					 descriptors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Dupli=
cating-Descriptors.html#Duplicating-Descriptors">Duplicating Descriptors</a=
>:              Fcntl commands for duplicating
                                         file descriptors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Descr=
iptor-Flags.html#Descriptor-Flags">Descriptor Flags</a>:                 =
    Fcntl commands for manipulating
                                         flags associated with file
                                         descriptors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Status-Flags.html#File-Status-Flags">File Status Flags</a>:              =
      Fcntl commands for manipulating
                                         flags associated with open files.=
=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Locks.html#File-Locks">File Locks</a>:                           Fcntl comm=
ands for implementing
                                         file locking.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
rupt-Input.html#Interrupt-Input">Interrupt Input</a>:                    =
  Getting an asynchronous signal when
                                         input arrives.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/IOCTL=
s.html#IOCTLs">IOCTLs</a>:                               Generic I/O Contro=
l operations.

</li></ul>
<p>Stream/Descriptor Precautions

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Linked-Cha=
nnels.html#Linked-Channels">Linked Channels</a>: 	   Dealing with channels=
 sharing a file position.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Indep=
endent-Channels.html#Independent-Channels">Independent Channels</a>:    Dea=
ling with separately opened, unlinked channels.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Clean=
ing-Streams.html#Cleaning-Streams">Cleaning Streams</a>: 	   Cleaning a str=
eam makes it safe to use
                            another channel.

</li></ul>
<p>Asynchronous I/O

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Asynchrono=
us-Reads_002fWrites.html#Asynchronous-Reads_002fWrites">Asynchronous Reads/=
Writes</a>:     Asynchronous Read and Write Operations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Statu=
s-of-AIO-Operations.html#Status-of-AIO-Operations">Status of AIO Operations=
</a>:      Getting the Status of AIO Operations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Synch=
ronizing-AIO-Operations.html#Synchronizing-AIO-Operations">Synchronizing AI=
O Operations</a>:  Getting into a consistent state.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Cance=
l-AIO-Operations.html#Cancel-AIO-Operations">Cancel AIO Operations</a>:  =
       Cancellation of AIO Operations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Confi=
guration-of-AIO.html#Configuration-of-AIO">Configuration of AIO</a>:     =
     How to optimize the AIO implementation.

</li></ul>
<p>File Status Flags

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Access-Mod=
es.html#Access-Modes">Access Modes</a>:                 Whether the descrip=
tor can read or write.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Open_=
002dtime-Flags.html#Open_002dtime-Flags">Open-time Flags</a>:            =
  Details of <code>open</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opera=
ting-Modes.html#Operating-Modes">Operating Modes</a>:              Special=
 modes to control I/O operations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getti=
ng-File-Status-Flags.html#Getting-File-Status-Flags">Getting File Status Fl=
ags</a>:    Fetching and changing these flags.

</li></ul>
<p>File System Interface

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Working-Di=
rectory.html#Working-Directory">Working Directory</a>:            This is=
 used to resolve relative
				 file names.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Acces=
sing-Directories.html#Accessing-Directories">Accessing Directories</a>:  =
      Finding out what files a directory
				 contains.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Worki=
ng-with-Directory-Trees.html#Working-with-Directory-Trees">Working with Dir=
ectory Trees</a>:  Apply actions to all files or a selectable
                                 subset of a directory hierarchy.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hard-=
Links.html#Hard-Links">Hard Links</a>:                   Adding alternate=
 names to a file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Symbo=
lic-Links.html#Symbolic-Links">Symbolic Links</a>:               A file tha=
t ``points to'' a file name.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Delet=
ing-Files.html#Deleting-Files">Deleting Files</a>:               How to del=
ete a file, and what that means.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Renam=
ing-Files.html#Renaming-Files">Renaming Files</a>:               Changing=
 a file's name.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creat=
ing-Directories.html#Creating-Directories">Creating Directories</a>:     =
    A system call just for creating a directory.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Attributes.html#File-Attributes">File Attributes</a>:              Attribut=
es of individual files.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Makin=
g-Special-Files.html#Making-Special-Files">Making Special Files</a>:     =
    How to create special files.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tempo=
rary-Files.html#Temporary-Files">Temporary Files</a>:              Naming=
 and creating temporary files.

</li></ul>
<p>Accessing Directories

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Directory-=
Entries.html#Directory-Entries">Directory Entries</a>:            Format of=
 one directory entry.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Openi=
ng-a-Directory.html#Opening-a-Directory">Opening a Directory</a>:        =
  How to open a directory stream.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng_002fClosing-Directory.html#Reading_002fClosing-Directory">Reading/Closin=
g Directory</a>:    How to read directory entries from the stream.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simpl=
e-Directory-Lister.html#Simple-Directory-Lister">Simple Directory Lister</a=
>:      A very simple directory listing program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Rando=
m-Access-Directory.html#Random-Access-Directory">Random Access Directory</a=
>:      Rereading part of the directory
                                 already read with the same stream.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scann=
ing-Directory-Content.html#Scanning-Directory-Content">Scanning Directory=
 Content</a>:   Get entries for user selected subset of
                                 contents in given directory.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simpl=
e-Directory-Lister-Mark-II.html#Simple-Directory-Lister-Mark-II">Simple Dir=
ectory Lister Mark II</a>:   Revised version of the program.

</li></ul>
<p>File Attributes

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Attribute-=
Meanings.html#Attribute-Meanings">Attribute Meanings</a>:           The nam=
es of the file attributes,
                                 and what their values mean.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng-Attributes.html#Reading-Attributes">Reading Attributes</a>:           Ho=
w to read the attributes of a file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Testi=
ng-File-Type.html#Testing-File-Type">Testing File Type</a>:            Dist=
inguishing ordinary files,
                                 directories, links...=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Owner.html#File-Owner">File Owner</a>:                   How ownership for=
 new files is determined,
			         and how to change it.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Permi=
ssion-Bits.html#Permission-Bits">Permission Bits</a>:              How info=
rmation about a file's access
                                 mode is stored.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Acces=
s-Permission.html#Access-Permission">Access Permission</a>:            How=
 the system decides who can access a file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Permissions.html#Setting-Permissions">Setting Permissions</a>:        =
  How permissions for new files are assigned,
			         and how to change them.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Testi=
ng-File-Access.html#Testing-File-Access">Testing File Access</a>:        =
  How to find out if your process can
                                 access a file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>:                   About the time att=
ributes of a file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Size.html#File-Size">File Size</a>: 			Manually changing the size of a file.

</li></ul>
<p>Pipes and FIFOs

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-a=
-Pipe.html#Creating-a-Pipe">Creating a Pipe</a>:              Making a pipe=
 with the <code>pipe</code> function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pipe-=
to-a-Subprocess.html#Pipe-to-a-Subprocess">Pipe to a Subprocess</a>:     =
    Using a pipe to communicate with a
				 child process.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FIFO-=
Special-Files.html#FIFO-Special-Files">FIFO Special Files</a>:           Ma=
king a FIFO special file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pipe-=
Atomicity.html#Pipe-Atomicity">Pipe Atomicity</a>: 		When pipe (or FIFO) I/=
O is atomic.

</li></ul>
<p>Sockets

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socket-Con=
cepts.html#Socket-Concepts">Socket Concepts</a>: 	Basic concepts you need=
 to know about.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Commu=
nication-Styles.html#Communication-Styles">Communication Styles</a>: Stream=
 communication, datagrams and other styles.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Addresses.html#Socket-Addresses">Socket Addresses</a>: 	How socket names=
 (``addresses'') work.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
face-Naming.html#Interface-Naming">Interface Naming</a>: 	Identifying speci=
fic network interfaces.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Namespace.html#Local-Namespace">Local Namespace</a>: 	Details about the lo=
cal namespace.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
net-Namespace.html#Internet-Namespace">Internet Namespace</a>: 	Details abo=
ut the Internet namespace.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Misc-=
Namespaces.html#Misc-Namespaces">Misc Namespaces</a>: 	Other namespaces not=
 documented fully here.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Open_=
002fClose-Sockets.html#Open_002fClose-Sockets">Open/Close Sockets</a>:   Cr=
eating sockets and destroying them.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conne=
ctions.html#Connections">Connections</a>: 		Operations on sockets with conn=
ection state.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Datag=
rams.html#Datagrams">Datagrams</a>: 		Operations on datagram sockets.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inetd=
.html#Inetd">Inetd</a>: 		Inetd is a daemon that starts servers on request.=
=20
			   The most convenient way to write a server
			   is to make it work with Inetd.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Options.html#Socket-Options">Socket Options</a>: 	Miscellaneous low-level=
 socket options.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netwo=
rks-Database.html#Networks-Database">Networks Database</a>:    Accessing th=
e database of network names.

</li></ul>
<p>Socket Addresses

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Address-Fo=
rmats.html#Address-Formats">Address Formats</a>: 		About <code>struct socka=
ddr</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Address.html#Setting-Address">Setting Address</a>: 		Binding an address=
 to a socket.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng-Address.html#Reading-Address">Reading Address</a>: 		Reading the address=
 of a socket.

</li></ul>
<p>Local Namespace

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local-Name=
space-Concepts.html#Local-Namespace-Concepts">Concepts</a>:  What you need=
 to understand.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Namespace-Details.html#Local-Namespace-Details">Details</a>:    Address fo=
rmat, symbolic names, etc.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Socket-Example.html#Local-Socket-Example">Example</a>:       Example of cr=
eating a socket.

</li></ul>
<p>Internet Namespace

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Internet-A=
ddress-Formats.html#Internet-Address-Formats">Internet Address Formats</a>:=
     How socket addresses are specified in the
                                 Internet namespace.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Addresses.html#Host-Addresses">Host Addresses</a>: 	        All about host=
 addresses of Internet host.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Ports=
.html#Ports">Ports</a>: 			Internet port numbers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Servi=
ces-Database.html#Services-Database">Services Database</a>:            Port=
s may have symbolic names.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Byte-=
Order.html#Byte-Order">Byte Order</a>: 		        Different hosts may use di=
fferent byte
                                 ordering conventions; you need to
                                 canonicalize host address and port number.=
=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proto=
cols-Database.html#Protocols-Database">Protocols Database</a>: 		Referring=
 to protocols by name.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inet-=
Example.html#Inet-Example">Inet Example</a>: 	        Putting it all togeth=
er.

</li></ul>
<p>Host Addresses

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Abstract-H=
ost-Addresses.html#Abstract-Host-Addresses">Abstract Host Addresses</a>: =
	What a host number consists of.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Address-Data-Type.html#Host-Address-Data-Type">Data type</a>: 	Data type fo=
r a host number.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Address-Functions.html#Host-Address-Functions">Functions</a>: 	Functions to=
 operate on them.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-=
Names.html#Host-Names">Names</a>: 		Translating host names to host numbers.

</li></ul>
<p>Open/Close Sockets

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-a=
-Socket.html#Creating-a-Socket">Creating a Socket</a>:            How to op=
en a socket.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Closi=
ng-a-Socket.html#Closing-a-Socket">Closing a Socket</a>:             How to=
 close a socket.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Pairs.html#Socket-Pairs">Socket Pairs</a>:                 These are crea=
ted like pipes.

</li></ul>
<p>Connections

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Connecting=
.html#Connecting">Connecting</a>:     	     What the client program must do=
.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Liste=
ning.html#Listening">Listening</a>: 		     How a server program waits for=
 requests.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Accep=
ting-Connections.html#Accepting-Connections">Accepting Connections</a>:  =
   What the server does when it gets a request.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Who-i=
s-Connected.html#Who-is-Connected">Who is Connected</a>: 	     Getting the=
 address of the
				other side of a connection.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Trans=
ferring-Data.html#Transferring-Data">Transferring Data</a>:         How to=
 send and receive data.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Byte-=
Stream-Example.html#Byte-Stream-Example">Byte Stream Example</a>: 	     An=
 example program: a client for communicating
			      over a byte stream socket in the Internet namespace.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Serve=
r-Example.html#Server-Example">Server Example</a>: 	     A corresponding se=
rver program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Out_0=
02dof_002dBand-Data.html#Out_002dof_002dBand-Data">Out-of-Band Data</a>: =
         This is an advanced feature.

</li></ul>
<p>Transferring Data

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sending-Da=
ta.html#Sending-Data">Sending Data</a>: 		Sending data with <code>send</cod=
e>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Recei=
ving-Data.html#Receiving-Data">Receiving Data</a>: 		Reading data with <cod=
e>recv</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t-Data-Options.html#Socket-Data-Options">Socket Data Options</a>: 		Using=
 <code>send</code> and <code>recv</code>.

</li></ul>
<p>Datagrams

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sending-Da=
tagrams.html#Sending-Datagrams">Sending Datagrams</a>:     Sending packets=
 on a datagram socket.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Recei=
ving-Datagrams.html#Receiving-Datagrams">Receiving Datagrams</a>:   Receivi=
ng packets on a datagram socket.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Datag=
ram-Example.html#Datagram-Example">Datagram Example</a>:      An example pr=
ogram: packets sent over a
                           datagram socket in the local namespace.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
le-Receiver.html#Example-Receiver">Example Receiver</a>: 	 Another program,=
 that receives those packets.

</li></ul>
<p>Inetd

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inetd-Serv=
ers.html#Inetd-Servers">Inetd Servers</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Confi=
guring-Inetd.html#Configuring-Inetd">Configuring Inetd</a>

</li></ul>
<p>Socket Options

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socket-Opt=
ion-Functions.html#Socket-Option-Functions">Socket Option Functions</a>: =
     The basic functions for setting and getting
                                 socket options.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Socke=
t_002dLevel-Options.html#Socket_002dLevel-Options">Socket-Level Options</a>=
:         Details of the options at the socket level.

</li></ul>
<p>Low-Level Terminal Interface

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Is-It-a-Te=
rminal.html#Is-It-a-Terminal">Is It a Terminal</a>:             How to dete=
rmine if a file is a terminal
			         device, and what its name is.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002=
fO-Queues.html#I_002fO-Queues">I/O Queues</a>:                   About flow=
 control and typeahead.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Canon=
ical-or-Not.html#Canonical-or-Not">Canonical or Not</a>:             Two ba=
sic styles of input processing.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nal-Modes.html#Terminal-Modes">Terminal Modes</a>:               How to exa=
mine and modify flags controlling
			         details of terminal I/O: echoing,
                                 signals, editing.  Posix.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-T=
erminal-Modes.html#BSD-Terminal-Modes">BSD Terminal Modes</a>:           BS=
D compatible terminal mode setting
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Line-=
Control.html#Line-Control">Line Control</a>:                 Sending break=
 sequences, clearing
                                 terminal buffers ...=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Nonca=
non-Example.html#Noncanon-Example">Noncanon Example</a>:             How to=
 read single characters without echo.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pseud=
o_002dTerminals.html#Pseudo_002dTerminals">Pseudo-Terminals</a>:         =
    How to open a pseudo-terminal.

</li></ul>
<p>Terminal Modes

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mode-Data-=
Types.html#Mode-Data-Types">Mode Data Types</a>:              The data type=
 <code>struct termios</code> and
                                 related types.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mode-=
Functions.html#Mode-Functions">Mode Functions</a>:               Functions=
 to read and set the terminal
                                 attributes.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Modes.html#Setting-Modes">Setting Modes</a>:                The right wa=
y to set terminal attributes
                                 reliably.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Input=
-Modes.html#Input-Modes">Input Modes</a>:                  Flags controllin=
g low-level input handling.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Outpu=
t-Modes.html#Output-Modes">Output Modes</a>:                 Flags controll=
ing low-level output handling.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
ol-Modes.html#Control-Modes">Control Modes</a>:                Flags contro=
lling serial port behavior.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Local=
-Modes.html#Local-Modes">Local Modes</a>:                  Flags controllin=
g high-level input handling.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Line-=
Speed.html#Line-Speed">Line Speed</a>:                   How to read and se=
t the terminal line speed.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Speci=
al-Characters.html#Special-Characters">Special Characters</a>:           Ch=
aracters that have special effects,
			         and how to change them.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Nonca=
nonical-Input.html#Noncanonical-Input">Noncanonical Input</a>:           Co=
ntrolling how long to wait for input.

</li></ul>
<p>Special Characters

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Editing-Ch=
aracters.html#Editing-Characters">Editing Characters</a>:           Special=
 characters that terminate lines and
                                  delete text, and other editing functions.=
=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Characters.html#Signal-Characters">Signal Characters</a>:            Spec=
ial characters that send or raise signals
                                  to or for certain classes of processes.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Start=
_002fStop-Characters.html#Start_002fStop-Characters">Start/Stop Characters<=
/a>:        Special characters that suspend or resume
                                  suspended output.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Special.html#Other-Special">Other Special</a>: 		Other special characters=
 for BSD systems:
				  they can discard output, and print status.

</li></ul>
<p>Pseudo-Terminals

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Allocation=
.html#Allocation">Allocation</a>:              Allocating a pseudo terminal=
.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pseud=
o_002dTerminal-Pairs.html#Pseudo_002dTerminal-Pairs">Pseudo-Terminal Pairs<=
/a>:   How to open both sides of a
                            pseudo-terminal in a single operation.

</li></ul>
<p>Syslog

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Overview-o=
f-Syslog.html#Overview-of-Syslog">Overview of Syslog</a>:            Overvi=
ew of a system's Syslog facility
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Submi=
tting-Syslog-Messages.html#Submitting-Syslog-Messages">Submitting Syslog Me=
ssages</a>:    Functions to submit messages to Syslog

</li></ul>
<p>Submitting Syslog Messages

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/openlog.ht=
ml#openlog">openlog</a>:                       Open connection to Syslog
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/syslo=
g_003b-vsyslog.html#syslog_003b-vsyslog">syslog; vsyslog</a>:            =
   Submit message to Syslog
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/close=
log.html#closelog">closelog</a>:                      Close connection to=
 Syslog
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/setlo=
gmask.html#setlogmask">setlogmask</a>:                    Cause certain mes=
sages to be ignored
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syslo=
g-Example.html#Syslog-Example">Syslog Example</a>:                Example=
 of all of the above

</li></ul>
<p>Mathematics

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mathematic=
al-Constants.html#Mathematical-Constants">Mathematical Constants</a>:    =
   Precise numeric values for often-used
                                 constants.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Trig-=
Functions.html#Trig-Functions">Trig Functions</a>:               Sine, cosi=
ne, tangent, and friends.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inver=
se-Trig-Functions.html#Inverse-Trig-Functions">Inverse Trig Functions</a>:=
       Arcsine, arccosine, etc.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Expon=
ents-and-Logarithms.html#Exponents-and-Logarithms">Exponents and Logarithms=
</a>:     Also pow and sqrt.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hyper=
bolic-Functions.html#Hyperbolic-Functions">Hyperbolic Functions</a>:     =
    sinh, cosh, tanh, etc.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Speci=
al-Functions.html#Special-Functions">Special Functions</a>:            Bess=
el, gamma, erf.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Error=
s-in-Math-Functions.html#Errors-in-Math-Functions">Errors in Math Functions=
</a>:     Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pseud=
o_002dRandom-Numbers.html#Pseudo_002dRandom-Numbers">Pseudo-Random Numbers<=
/a>:        Functions for generating pseudo-random
				 numbers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Fu=
nction-Optimizations.html#FP-Function-Optimizations">FP Function Optimizati=
ons</a>:    Fast code or small code.

</li></ul>
<p>Pseudo-Random Numbers

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/ISO-Random=
.html#ISO-Random">ISO Random</a>:                   <code>rand</code> and=
 friends.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-R=
andom.html#BSD-Random">BSD Random</a>:                   <code>random</code=
> and friends.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/SVID-=
Random.html#SVID-Random">SVID Random</a>:                  <code>drand48</c=
ode> and friends.

</li></ul>
<p>Arithmetic

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Integers.h=
tml#Integers">Integers</a>:                     Basic integer types and con=
cepts
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Integ=
er-Division.html#Integer-Division">Integer Division</a>:             Intege=
r division with guaranteed rounding.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Numbers.html#Floating-Point-Numbers">Floating Point Numbers</a>:=
       Basic concepts.  IEEE 754.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Classes.html#Floating-Point-Classes">Floating Point Classes</a>:=
       The five kinds of floating-point number.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Errors.html#Floating-Point-Errors">Floating Point Errors</a>:  =
      When something goes wrong in a calculation.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Round=
ing.html#Rounding">Rounding</a>:                     Controlling how result=
s are rounded.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
ol-Functions.html#Control-Functions">Control Functions</a>:            Savi=
ng and restoring the FPU's state.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Arith=
metic-Functions.html#Arithmetic-Functions">Arithmetic Functions</a>:     =
    Fundamental operations provided by the library.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Compl=
ex-Numbers.html#Complex-Numbers">Complex Numbers</a>:              The type=
s.  Writing complex constants.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opera=
tions-on-Complex.html#Operations-on-Complex">Operations on Complex</a>:  =
      Projection, conjugation, decomposition.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-of-Numbers.html#Parsing-of-Numbers">Parsing of Numbers</a>:           Co=
nverting strings to numbers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-V-Number-Conversion.html#System-V-Number-Conversion">System V Number Conv=
ersion</a>:   An archaic way to convert numbers to strings.

</li></ul>
<p>Floating Point Errors

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Excepti=
ons.html#FP-Exceptions">FP Exceptions</a>:                IEEE 754 math exc=
eptions and how to detect them.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Infin=
ity-and-NaN.html#Infinity-and-NaN">Infinity and NaN</a>:             Specia=
l values returned by calculations.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Statu=
s-bit-operations.html#Status-bit-operations">Status bit operations</a>:  =
      Checking for exceptions after the fact.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Math-=
Error-Reporting.html#Math-Error-Reporting">Math Error Reporting</a>:     =
    How the math functions report errors.

</li></ul>
<p>Arithmetic Functions

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Absolute-V=
alue.html#Absolute-Value">Absolute Value</a>:               Absolute values=
 of integers and floats.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Norma=
lization-Functions.html#Normalization-Functions">Normalization Functions</a=
>:      Extracting exponents and putting them back.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Round=
ing-Functions.html#Rounding-Functions">Rounding Functions</a>:           Ro=
unding floats to integers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Remai=
nder-Functions.html#Remainder-Functions">Remainder Functions</a>:        =
  Remainders on division, precisely defined.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Bi=
t-Twiddling.html#FP-Bit-Twiddling">FP Bit Twiddling</a>:             Sign=
 bit adjustment.  Adding epsilon.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/FP-Co=
mparison-Functions.html#FP-Comparison-Functions">FP Comparison Functions</a=
>:      Comparisons without risk of exceptions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Misc-=
FP-Arithmetic.html#Misc-FP-Arithmetic">Misc FP Arithmetic</a>:           Ma=
x, min, positive difference, multiply-add.

</li></ul>
<p>Parsing of Numbers

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsing-of=
-Integers.html#Parsing-of-Integers">Parsing of Integers</a>:          Funct=
ions for conversion of integer values.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-of-Floats.html#Parsing-of-Floats">Parsing of Floats</a>:            Func=
tions for conversion of floating-point
				 values.

</li></ul>
<p>Date and Time

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Time-Basic=
s.html#Time-Basics">Time Basics</a>:                  Concepts and definiti=
ons.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Elaps=
ed-Time.html#Elapsed-Time">Elapsed Time</a>:                 Data types to=
 represent elapsed times
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ssor-And-CPU-Time.html#Processor-And-CPU-Time">Processor And CPU Time</a>:=
       Time a program has spent executing.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calen=
dar-Time.html#Calendar-Time">Calendar Time</a>:                Manipulation=
 of ``real'' dates and times.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-an-Alarm.html#Setting-an-Alarm">Setting an Alarm</a>:             Sendin=
g a signal after a specified time.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sleep=
ing.html#Sleeping">Sleeping</a>:                     Waiting for a period=
 of time.

</li></ul>
<p>Processor And CPU Time

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/CPU-Time.h=
tml#CPU-Time">CPU Time</a>:                     The <code>clock</code> func=
tion.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ssor-Time.html#Processor-Time">Processor Time</a>:               The <code>=
times</code> function.

</li></ul>
<p>Calendar Time

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Simple-Cal=
endar-Time.html#Simple-Calendar-Time">Simple Calendar Time</a>:         Fac=
ilities for manipulating calendar time.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/High_=
002dResolution-Calendar.html#High_002dResolution-Calendar">High-Resolution=
 Calendar</a>:     A time representation with greater precision.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Broke=
n_002ddown-Time.html#Broken_002ddown-Time">Broken-down Time</a>:         =
    Facilities for manipulating local time.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/High-=
Accuracy-Clock.html#High-Accuracy-Clock">High Accuracy Clock</a>:        =
  Maintaining a high accuracy system clock.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Forma=
tting-Calendar-Time.html#Formatting-Calendar-Time">Formatting Calendar Time=
</a>:     Converting times to strings.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-Date-and-Time.html#Parsing-Date-and-Time">Parsing Date and Time</a>:  =
      Convert textual time and date information back
                                 into broken-down time values.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/TZ-Va=
riable.html#TZ-Variable">TZ Variable</a>:                  How users specif=
y the time zone.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Time-=
Zone-Functions.html#Time-Zone-Functions">Time Zone Functions</a>:        =
  Functions to examine or specify the time zone.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Time-=
Functions-Example.html#Time-Functions-Example">Time Functions Example</a>:=
       An example program showing use of some of
				 the time functions.

</li></ul>
<p>Parsing Date and Time

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Low_002dLe=
vel-Time-String-Parsing.html#Low_002dLevel-Time-String-Parsing">Low-Level=
 Time String Parsing</a>:   Interpret string according to given format.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Gener=
al-Time-String-Parsing.html#General-Time-String-Parsing">General Time Strin=
g Parsing</a>:     User-friendly function to parse data and
                                    time strings.

</li></ul>
<p>Resource Usage And Limitation

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Resource-U=
sage.html#Resource-Usage">Resource Usage</a>: 		Measuring various resources=
 used.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Limit=
s-on-Resources.html#Limits-on-Resources">Limits on Resources</a>: 		Specify=
ing limits on resource usage.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Prior=
ity.html#Priority">Priority</a>: 			Reading or setting process run priority=
.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memor=
y-Resources.html#Memory-Resources">Memory Resources</a>:             Queryi=
ng memory available resources.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ssor-Resources.html#Processor-Resources">Processor Resources</a>:        =
  Learn about the processors available.

</li></ul>
<p>Priority

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Absolute-P=
riority.html#Absolute-Priority">Absolute Priority</a>:                The=
 first tier of priority.  Posix
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Realt=
ime-Scheduling.html#Realtime-Scheduling">Realtime Scheduling</a>:        =
      Scheduling among the process nobility
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Basic=
-Scheduling-Functions.html#Basic-Scheduling-Functions">Basic Scheduling Fun=
ctions</a>:       Get/set scheduling policy, priority
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tradi=
tional-Scheduling.html#Traditional-Scheduling">Traditional Scheduling</a>:=
           Scheduling among the vulgar masses
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/CPU-A=
ffinity.html#CPU-Affinity">CPU Affinity</a>:                     Limiting=
 execution to certain CPUs

</li></ul>
<p>Traditional Scheduling

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Traditiona=
l-Scheduling-Intro.html#Traditional-Scheduling-Intro">Traditional Schedulin=
g Intro</a>
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tradi=
tional-Scheduling-Functions.html#Traditional-Scheduling-Functions">Traditio=
nal Scheduling Functions</a>

</li></ul>
<p>Memory Resources

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Memory-Sub=
system.html#Memory-Subsystem">Memory Subsystem</a>:            Overview abo=
ut traditional Unix memory handling.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Query=
-Memory-Parameters.html#Query-Memory-Parameters">Query Memory Parameters</a=
>:     How to get information about the memory
                                subsystem?

</li></ul>
<p>Non-Local Exits

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_002dLo=
cal-Intro.html#Non_002dLocal-Intro">Intro</a>:         When and how to use=
 these facilities.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dLocal-Details.html#Non_002dLocal-Details">Details</a>:     Functions for=
 non-local exits.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dLocal-Exits-and-Signals.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals">Non-Local=
 Exits and Signals</a>:   Portability issues.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-V-contexts.html#System-V-contexts">System V contexts</a>:             Com=
plete context control a la System V.

</li></ul>
<p>Signal Handling

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Concepts-o=
f-Signals.html#Concepts-of-Signals">Concepts of Signals</a>:          Intro=
duction to the signal facilities.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Signals.html#Standard-Signals">Standard Signals</a>:             Partic=
ular kinds of signals with
                                 standard names and meanings.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Actions.html#Signal-Actions">Signal Actions</a>:               Specifying=
 what happens when a
                                 particular signal is delivered.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Defin=
ing-Handlers.html#Defining-Handlers">Defining Handlers</a>:            How=
 to write a signal handler function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Inter=
rupted-Primitives.html#Interrupted-Primitives">Interrupted Primitives</a>:=
 	Signal handlers affect use of <code>open</code>,
				 <code>read</code>, <code>write</code> and other functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Gener=
ating-Signals.html#Generating-Signals">Generating Signals</a>:           Ho=
w to send a signal to a process.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
ing-Signals.html#Blocking-Signals">Blocking Signals</a>:             Making=
 the system hold signals temporarily.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Waiti=
ng-for-a-Signal.html#Waiting-for-a-Signal">Waiting for a Signal</a>:     =
    Suspending your program until a signal
                                 arrives.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Stack.html#Signal-Stack">Signal Stack</a>:                 Using a Separa=
te Signal Stack.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-S=
ignal-Handling.html#BSD-Signal-Handling">BSD Signal Handling</a>:        =
  Additional functions for backward
			         compatibility with BSD.

</li></ul>
<p>Concepts of Signals

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Kinds-of-S=
ignals.html#Kinds-of-Signals">Kinds of Signals</a>:             Some exampl=
es of what can cause a signal.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Generation.html#Signal-Generation">Signal Generation</a>:            Conc=
epts of why and how signals occur.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Deliv=
ery-of-Signal.html#Delivery-of-Signal">Delivery of Signal</a>:           Co=
ncepts of what a signal does to the
                                 process.

</li></ul>
<p>Standard Signals

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Program-Er=
ror-Signals.html#Program-Error-Signals">Program Error Signals</a>:       =
 Used to report serious program errors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nation-Signals.html#Termination-Signals">Termination Signals</a>:        =
  Used to interrupt and/or terminate the
                                 program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Alarm=
-Signals.html#Alarm-Signals">Alarm Signals</a>:                Used to indi=
cate expiration of timers.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Async=
hronous-I_002fO-Signals.html#Asynchronous-I_002fO-Signals">Asynchronous I/O=
 Signals</a>:     Used to indicate input is available.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Job-C=
ontrol-Signals.html#Job-Control-Signals">Job Control Signals</a>:        =
  Signals used to support job control.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Opera=
tion-Error-Signals.html#Operation-Error-Signals">Operation Error Signals</a=
>:      Used to report operational system errors.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Misce=
llaneous-Signals.html#Miscellaneous-Signals">Miscellaneous Signals</a>:  =
      Miscellaneous Signals.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Messages.html#Signal-Messages">Signal Messages</a>:              Printing=
 a message describing a signal.

</li></ul>
<p>Signal Actions

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Basic-Sign=
al-Handling.html#Basic-Signal-Handling">Basic Signal Handling</a>:       =
 The simple <code>signal</code> function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Advan=
ced-Signal-Handling.html#Advanced-Signal-Handling">Advanced Signal Handling=
</a>:     The more powerful <code>sigaction</code> function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-and-Sigaction.html#Signal-and-Sigaction">Signal and Sigaction</a>:     =
    How those two functions interact.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sigac=
tion-Function-Example.html#Sigaction-Function-Example">Sigaction Function=
 Example</a>:   An example of using the sigaction function.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Flags=
-for-Sigaction.html#Flags-for-Sigaction">Flags for Sigaction</a>:        =
  Specifying options for signal handling.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Initi=
al-Signal-Actions.html#Initial-Signal-Actions">Initial Signal Actions</a>:=
       How programs inherit signal actions.

</li></ul>
<p>Defining Handlers

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Handler-Re=
turns.html#Handler-Returns">Handler Returns</a>:              Handlers that=
 return normally, and what
                                 this means.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nation-in-Handler.html#Termination-in-Handler">Termination in Handler</a>:=
       How handler functions terminate a program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Longj=
mp-in-Handler.html#Longjmp-in-Handler">Longjmp in Handler</a>:           No=
nlocal transfer of control out of a
                                 signal handler.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
ls-in-Handler.html#Signals-in-Handler">Signals in Handler</a>:           Wh=
at happens when signals arrive while
                                 the handler is already occupied.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Merge=
d-Signals.html#Merged-Signals">Merged Signals</a>: 		When a second signal=
 arrives before the
				 first is handled.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Nonre=
entrancy.html#Nonreentrancy">Nonreentrancy</a>:                Do not call=
 any functions unless you know they
                                 are reentrant with respect to signals.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Atomi=
c-Data-Access.html#Atomic-Data-Access">Atomic Data Access</a>:           A=
 single handler can run in the middle of
                                 reading or writing a single object.

</li></ul>
<p>Atomic Data Access

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_002dat=
omic-Example.html#Non_002datomic-Example">Non-atomic Example</a>: 		A progr=
am illustrating interrupted access.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Atomi=
c-Types.html#Atomic-Types">Types</a>: 		Data types that guarantee no interr=
uption.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Atomi=
c-Usage.html#Atomic-Usage">Usage</a>: 		Proving that interruption is harmle=
ss.

</li></ul>
<p>Generating Signals

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signaling-=
Yourself.html#Signaling-Yourself">Signaling Yourself</a>:           A proce=
ss can send a signal to itself.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
ling-Another-Process.html#Signaling-Another-Process">Signaling Another Proc=
ess</a>:    Send a signal to another process.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Permi=
ssion-for-kill.html#Permission-for-kill">Permission for kill</a>:        =
  Permission for using <code>kill</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Kill-=
Example.html#Kill-Example">Kill Example</a>:                 Using <code>ki=
ll</code> for Communication.

</li></ul>
<p>Blocking Signals

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-Block.=
html#Why-Block">Why Block</a>:                            The purpose of bl=
ocking signals.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Signa=
l-Sets.html#Signal-Sets">Signal Sets</a>:                          How to=
 specify which signals to
                                         block.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Signal-Mask.html#Process-Signal-Mask">Process Signal Mask</a>:        =
          Blocking delivery of signals to your
				         process during normal execution.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Testi=
ng-for-Delivery.html#Testing-for-Delivery">Testing for Delivery</a>:     =
            Blocking to Test for Delivery of
                                         a Signal.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
ing-for-Handler.html#Blocking-for-Handler">Blocking for Handler</a>:     =
            Blocking additional signals while a
				         handler is being run.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Check=
ing-for-Pending-Signals.html#Checking-for-Pending-Signals">Checking for Pen=
ding Signals</a>:         Checking for Pending Signals
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Remem=
bering-a-Signal.html#Remembering-a-Signal">Remembering a Signal</a>:     =
            How you can get almost the same
                                         effect as blocking a signal, by
                                         handling it and setting a flag
                                         to be tested later.

</li></ul>
<p>Waiting for a Signal

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using-Paus=
e.html#Using-Pause">Using Pause</a>:                  The simple way, using=
 <code>pause</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pause=
-Problems.html#Pause-Problems">Pause Problems</a>:               Why the si=
mple way is often not very good.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sigsu=
spend.html#Sigsuspend">Sigsuspend</a>:                   Reliably waiting=
 for a specific signal.

</li></ul>
<p>BSD Signal Handling

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-Handle=
r.html#BSD-Handler">BSD Handler</a>:                  BSD Function to Estab=
lish a Handler.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Block=
ing-in-BSD.html#Blocking-in-BSD">Blocking in BSD</a>:              BSD Func=
tions for Blocking Signals.

</li></ul>
<p>Program Basics

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Program-Ar=
guments.html#Program-Arguments">Program Arguments</a>:            Parsing=
 your program's command-line arguments
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Envir=
onment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a>:  =
      Less direct parameters affecting your program
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Auxil=
iary-Vector.html#Auxiliary-Vector">Auxiliary Vector</a>:             Least=
 direct parameters affecting your program
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Calls.html#System-Calls">System Calls</a>:                 Requesting ser=
vice from the system
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Progr=
am-Termination.html#Program-Termination">Program Termination</a>:        =
  Telling the system you're done; return status

</li></ul>
<p>Program Arguments

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argument-S=
yntax.html#Argument-Syntax">Argument Syntax</a>:              By convention=
, options start with a hyphen.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Parsi=
ng-Program-Arguments.html#Parsing-Program-Arguments">Parsing Program Argume=
nts</a>:    Ways to parse program options and arguments.

</li></ul>
<p>Parsing Program Arguments

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getopt.htm=
l#Getopt">Getopt</a>:                       Parsing program options using=
 <code>getopt</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argp.=
html#Argp">Argp</a>:                         Parsing program options using=
 <code>argp_parse</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Subop=
tions.html#Suboptions">Suboptions</a>:                   Some programs need=
 more detailed options.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Subop=
tions-Example.html#Suboptions-Example">Suboptions Example</a>:           Th=
is shows how it could be done for <code>mount</code>.

</li></ul>
<p>Environment Variables

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Environmen=
t-Access.html#Environment-Access">Environment Access</a>:           How to=
 get and set the values of
				 environment variables.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stand=
ard-Environment.html#Standard-Environment">Standard Environment</a>:     =
    These environment variables have
                		 standard interpretations.

</li></ul>
<p>Program Termination

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Normal-Ter=
mination.html#Normal-Termination">Normal Termination</a>:           If a pr=
ogram calls <code>exit</code>, a
                                 process terminates normally.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Exit-=
Status.html#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>:                  The <code>exit=
 status</code> provides information
                                 about why the process terminated.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Clean=
ups-on-Exit.html#Cleanups-on-Exit">Cleanups on Exit</a>:             A proc=
ess can run its own cleanup
                                 functions upon normal termination.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Abort=
ing-a-Program.html#Aborting-a-Program">Aborting a Program</a>:           Th=
e <code>abort</code> function causes
                                 abnormal program termination.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nation-Internals.html#Termination-Internals">Termination Internals</a>:  =
      What happens when a process terminates.

</li></ul>
<p>Processes

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Running-a-=
Command.html#Running-a-Command">Running a Command</a>:            The easy=
 way to run another program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Creation-Concepts.html#Process-Creation-Concepts">Process Creation Conce=
pts</a>:    An overview of the hard way to do it.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Identification.html#Process-Identification">Process Identification</a>:=
       How to get the process ID of a process.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creat=
ing-a-Process.html#Creating-a-Process">Creating a Process</a>:           Ho=
w to fork a child process.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Execu=
ting-a-File.html#Executing-a-File">Executing a File</a>:             How to=
 make a process execute another program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Completion.html#Process-Completion">Process Completion</a>:           Ho=
w to tell when a child process has completed.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Completion-Status.html#Process-Completion-Status">Process Completion Sta=
tus</a>:    How to interpret the status value
                                 returned from a child process.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/BSD-W=
ait-Functions.html#BSD-Wait-Functions">BSD Wait Functions</a>:   	More func=
tions, for backward compatibility.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Creation-Example.html#Process-Creation-Example">Process Creation Example=
</a>:     A complete example program.

</li></ul>
<p>Job Control

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Concepts-o=
f-Job-Control.html#Concepts-of-Job-Control">Concepts of Job Control</a>: =
     Jobs can be controlled by a shell.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Job-C=
ontrol-is-Optional.html#Job-Control-is-Optional">Job Control is Optional</a=
>:      Not all POSIX systems support job control.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Contr=
olling-Terminal.html#Controlling-Terminal">Controlling Terminal</a>:     =
    How a process gets its controlling terminal.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Acces=
s-to-the-Terminal.html#Access-to-the-Terminal">Access to the Terminal</a>:=
       How processes share the controlling terminal.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Orpha=
ned-Process-Groups.html#Orphaned-Process-Groups">Orphaned Process Groups</a=
>:      Jobs left after the user logs out.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Imple=
menting-a-Shell.html#Implementing-a-Shell">Implementing a Shell</a>:     =
    What a shell must do to implement job control.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Funct=
ions-for-Job-Control.html#Functions-for-Job-Control">Functions for Job Cont=
rol</a>:    Functions to control process groups.

</li></ul>
<p>Implementing a Shell

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Data-Struc=
tures.html#Data-Structures">Data Structures</a>:              Introduction=
 to the sample shell.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Initi=
alizing-the-Shell.html#Initializing-the-Shell">Initializing the Shell</a>:=
       What the shell must do to take
				 responsibility for job control.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Launc=
hing-Jobs.html#Launching-Jobs">Launching Jobs</a>:               Creating=
 jobs to execute commands.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Foreg=
round-and-Background.html#Foreground-and-Background">Foreground and Backgro=
und</a>:    Putting a job in foreground of background.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Stopp=
ed-and-Terminated-Jobs.html#Stopped-and-Terminated-Jobs">Stopped and Termin=
ated Jobs</a>:   Reporting job status.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Conti=
nuing-Stopped-Jobs.html#Continuing-Stopped-Jobs">Continuing Stopped Jobs</a=
>:      How to continue a stopped job in
				 the foreground or background.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Missi=
ng-Pieces.html#Missing-Pieces">Missing Pieces</a>:               Other part=
s of the shell.

</li></ul>
<p>Functions for Job Control

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Identifyin=
g-the-Terminal.html#Identifying-the-Terminal">Identifying the Terminal</a>:=
     Determining the controlling terminal's name.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Group-Functions.html#Process-Group-Functions">Process Group Functions</a=
>:      Functions for manipulating process groups.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Termi=
nal-Access-Functions.html#Terminal-Access-Functions">Terminal Access Functi=
ons</a>:    Functions for controlling terminal access.

</li></ul>
<p>Name Service Switch

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-Basics=
.html#NSS-Basics">NSS Basics</a>:                   What is this NSS good=
 for.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-C=
onfiguration-File.html#NSS-Configuration-File">NSS Configuration File</a>:=
       Configuring NSS.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-M=
odule-Internals.html#NSS-Module-Internals">NSS Module Internals</a>:     =
    How does it work internally.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Exten=
ding-NSS.html#Extending-NSS">Extending NSS</a>:                What to do=
 to add services or databases.

</li></ul>
<p>NSS Configuration File

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Services-i=
n-the-NSS-configuration.html#Services-in-the-NSS-configuration">Services in=
 the NSS configuration</a>:   Service names in the NSS configuration.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Actio=
ns-in-the-NSS-configuration.html#Actions-in-the-NSS-configuration">Actions=
 in the NSS configuration</a>:   React appropriately to the lookup result.=
=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Notes=
-on-NSS-Configuration-File.html#Notes-on-NSS-Configuration-File">Notes on=
 NSS Configuration File</a>:   Things to take care about while
                                     configuring NSS.

</li></ul>
<p>NSS Module Internals

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-Module=
-Names.html#NSS-Module-Names">NSS Module Names</a>:             Constructio=
n of the interface function of
                                the NSS modules.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-M=
odules-Interface.html#NSS-Modules-Interface">NSS Modules Interface</a>:  =
      Programming interface in the NSS module
                                functions.

</li></ul>
<p>Extending NSS

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Adding-ano=
ther-Service-to-NSS.html#Adding-another-Service-to-NSS">Adding another Serv=
ice to NSS</a>:   What is to do to add a new service.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/NSS-M=
odule-Function-Internals.html#NSS-Module-Function-Internals">NSS Module Fun=
ction Internals</a>:   Guidelines for writing new NSS
                                        service functions.

</li></ul>
<p>Users and Groups

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-and-G=
roup-IDs.html#User-and-Group-IDs">User and Group IDs</a>:           Each us=
er has a unique numeric ID;
				 likewise for groups.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Proce=
ss-Persona.html#Process-Persona">Process Persona</a>:              The user=
 IDs and group IDs of a process.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-C=
hange-Persona.html#Why-Change-Persona">Why Change Persona</a>:           Wh=
y a program might need to change
				 its user and/or group IDs.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-C=
hange-Persona.html#How-Change-Persona">How Change Persona</a>:           Ch=
anging the user and group IDs.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Readi=
ng-Persona.html#Reading-Persona">Reading Persona</a>:              How to=
 examine the user and group IDs.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-User-ID.html#Setting-User-ID">Setting User ID</a>:              Function=
s for setting the user ID.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setti=
ng-Groups.html#Setting-Groups">Setting Groups</a>:               Functions=
 for setting the group IDs.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Enabl=
e_002fDisable-Setuid.html#Enable_002fDisable-Setuid">Enable/Disable Setuid<=
/a>:        Turning setuid access on and off.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Setui=
d-Program-Example.html#Setuid-Program-Example">Setuid Program Example</a>:=
       The pertinent parts of one sample program.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tips-=
for-Setuid.html#Tips-for-Setuid">Tips for Setuid</a>:              How to=
 avoid granting unlimited access.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Who-L=
ogged-In.html#Who-Logged-In">Who Logged In</a>:                Getting the=
 name of the user who logged in,
				 or of the real user ID of the current process.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-=
Accounting-Database.html#User-Accounting-Database">User Accounting Database=
</a>:     Keeping information about users and various
                                 actions in databases.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-=
Database.html#User-Database">User Database</a>:                Functions an=
d data structures for
                        	 accessing the user database.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Group=
-Database.html#Group-Database">Group Database</a>:               Functions=
 and data structures for
                        	 accessing the group database.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Datab=
ase-Example.html#Database-Example">Database Example</a>:             Exampl=
e program showing the use of database
				 inquiry functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netgr=
oup-Database.html#Netgroup-Database">Netgroup Database</a>:            Func=
tions for accessing the netgroup database.

</li></ul>
<p>User Accounting Database

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Manipulati=
ng-the-Database.html#Manipulating-the-Database">Manipulating the Database</=
a>:    Scanning and modifying the user
                                 accounting database.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/XPG-F=
unctions.html#XPG-Functions">XPG Functions</a>:                A standardiz=
ed way for doing the same thing.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Loggi=
ng-In-and-Out.html#Logging-In-and-Out">Logging In and Out</a>:           Fu=
nctions from BSD that modify the user
                                 accounting database.

</li></ul>
<p>User Database

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/User-Data-=
Structure.html#User-Data-Structure">User Data Structure</a>:          What=
 each user record contains.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Looku=
p-User.html#Lookup-User">Lookup User</a>:                  How to look for=
 a particular user.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scann=
ing-All-Users.html#Scanning-All-Users">Scanning All Users</a>:           Sc=
anning the list of all users, one by one.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Writi=
ng-a-User-Entry.html#Writing-a-User-Entry">Writing a User Entry</a>:     =
    How a program can rewrite a user's record.

</li></ul>
<p>Group Database

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Group-Data=
-Structure.html#Group-Data-Structure">Group Data Structure</a>:         Wha=
t each group record contains.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Looku=
p-Group.html#Lookup-Group">Lookup Group</a>:                 How to look fo=
r a particular group.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scann=
ing-All-Groups.html#Scanning-All-Groups">Scanning All Groups</a>:        =
  Scanning the list of all groups.

</li></ul>
<p>Netgroup Database

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netgroup-D=
ata.html#Netgroup-Data">Netgroup Data</a>:                   Data in the Ne=
tgroup database and where
                                   it comes from.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Looku=
p-Netgroup.html#Lookup-Netgroup">Lookup Netgroup</a>:                 How=
 to look for a particular netgroup.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Netgr=
oup-Membership.html#Netgroup-Membership">Netgroup Membership</a>:        =
     How to test for netgroup membership.

</li></ul>
<p>System Management

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Host-Ident=
ification.html#Host-Identification">Host Identification</a>:          Deter=
mining the name of the machine.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Platf=
orm-Type.html#Platform-Type">Platform Type</a>:                Determining=
 operating system and basic
                                  machine type
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Files=
ystem-Handling.html#Filesystem-Handling">Filesystem Handling</a>:        =
  Controlling/querying mounts
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Parameters.html#System-Parameters">System Parameters</a>:            Gett=
ing and setting various system parameters

</li></ul>
<p>Filesystem Handling

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mount-Info=
rmation.html#Mount-Information">Mount Information</a>:            What is=
 or could be mounted?=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Mount=
_002dUnmount_002dRemount.html#Mount_002dUnmount_002dRemount">Mount-Unmount-=
Remount</a>:        Controlling what is mounted and how

</li></ul>
<p>Mount Information

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/fstab.html=
#fstab">fstab</a>:                        The <samp><span class=3D"file">fs=
tab</span></samp> file
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/mtab.=
html#mtab">mtab</a>:                         The <samp><span class=3D"file"=
>mtab</span></samp> file
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Other=
-Mount-Information.html#Other-Mount-Information">Other Mount Information</a=
>:      Other (non-libc) sources of mount information

</li></ul>
<p>System Configuration

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/General-Li=
mits.html#General-Limits">General Limits</a>:            Constants and func=
tions that describe
				various process-related limits that have
				one uniform value for any given machine.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Syste=
m-Options.html#System-Options">System Options</a>:            Optional POSI=
X features.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Versi=
on-Supported.html#Version-Supported">Version Supported</a>:         Version=
 numbers of POSIX.1 and POSIX.2.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sysco=
nf.html#Sysconf">Sysconf</a>:                   Getting specific configurat=
ion values
                                of general limits and system options.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Minim=
ums.html#Minimums">Minimums</a>:                  Minimum values for genera=
l limits.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Limit=
s-for-Files.html#Limits-for-Files">Limits for Files</a>:          Size limi=
tations that pertain to individual files.=20
                                These can vary between file systems
                                or even from file to file.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Optio=
ns-for-Files.html#Options-for-Files">Options for Files</a>:         Optiona=
l features that some files may support.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/File-=
Minimums.html#File-Minimums">File Minimums</a>:             Minimum values=
 for file limits.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Pathc=
onf.html#Pathconf">Pathconf</a>:                  Getting the limit values=
 for a particular file.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Utili=
ty-Limits.html#Utility-Limits">Utility Limits</a>:            Capacity limi=
ts of some POSIX.2 utility programs.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Utili=
ty-Minimums.html#Utility-Minimums">Utility Minimums</a>:          Minimum=
 allowable values of those limits.

</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Strin=
g-Parameters.html#String-Parameters">String Parameters</a>:         Getting=
 the default search path.

</li></ul>
<p>Sysconf

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Sysconf-De=
finition.html#Sysconf-Definition">Sysconf Definition</a>:         Detailed=
 specifications of <code>sysconf</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Const=
ants-for-Sysconf.html#Constants-for-Sysconf">Constants for Sysconf</a>:  =
    The list of parameters <code>sysconf</code> can read.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Examp=
les-of-Sysconf.html#Examples-of-Sysconf">Examples of Sysconf</a>:        Ho=
w to use <code>sysconf</code> and the parameter
				 macros properly together.

</li></ul>
<p>Cryptographic Functions

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Legal-Prob=
lems.html#Legal-Problems">Legal Problems</a>:               This software=
 can get you locked up, or worse.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/getpa=
ss.html#getpass">getpass</a>:                      Prompting the user for=
 a password.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/crypt=
.html#crypt">crypt</a>:                        A one-way function for passw=
ords.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/DES-E=
ncryption.html#DES-Encryption">DES Encryption</a>:               Routines=
 for DES encryption.

</li></ul>
<p>Debugging Support

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Backtraces=
.html#Backtraces">Backtraces</a>:                 Obtaining and printing a=
 back trace of the
                               current stack.

</li></ul>
<p>POSIX Threads

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Thread_002=
dspecific-Data.html#Thread_002dspecific-Data">Thread-specific Data</a>:  =
         Support for creating and
				  managing thread-specific data
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Non_0=
02dPOSIX-Extensions.html#Non_002dPOSIX-Extensions">Non-POSIX Extensions</a>=
:           Additional functions to extend
				  POSIX Thread functionality

</li></ul>
<p>Non-POSIX Extensions

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Default-Th=
read-Attributes.html#Default-Thread-Attributes">Default Thread Attributes</=
a>:              Setting default attributes for
					  threads in a process.

</li></ul>
<p>Language Features

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Consistenc=
y-Checking.html#Consistency-Checking">Consistency Checking</a>:         Usi=
ng <code>assert</code> to abort if
				 something ``impossible'' happens.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
dic-Functions.html#Variadic-Functions">Variadic Functions</a>:           De=
fining functions with varying numbers
                                 of args.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Null-=
Pointer-Constant.html#Null-Pointer-Constant">Null Pointer Constant</a>:  =
      The macro <code>NULL</code>.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Impor=
tant-Data-Types.html#Important-Data-Types">Important Data Types</a>:     =
    Data types for object sizes.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Data-=
Type-Measurements.html#Data-Type-Measurements">Data Type Measurements</a>:=
       Parameters of data type representations.

</li></ul>
<p>Variadic Functions

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Why-Variad=
ic.html#Why-Variadic">Why Variadic</a>:                 Reasons for making=
 functions take
                                 variable arguments.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-V=
ariadic.html#How-Variadic">How Variadic</a>:                 How to define=
 and call variadic functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Varia=
dic-Example.html#Variadic-Example">Variadic Example</a>:             A comp=
lete example.

</li></ul>
<p>How Variadic

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Variadic-P=
rototypes.html#Variadic-Prototypes">Variadic Prototypes</a>:   How to make=
 a prototype for a function
			  with variable arguments.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Recei=
ving-Arguments.html#Receiving-Arguments">Receiving Arguments</a>:   Steps=
 you must follow to access the
			  optional argument values.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/How-M=
any-Arguments.html#How-Many-Arguments">How Many Arguments</a>:    How to de=
cide whether there are more arguments.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Calli=
ng-Variadics.html#Calling-Variadics">Calling Variadics</a>:     Things you=
 need to know about calling
			  variable arguments functions.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argum=
ent-Macros.html#Argument-Macros">Argument Macros</a>:       Detailed specif=
ication of the macros
        		  for accessing variable arguments.

</li></ul>
<p>Data Type Measurements

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Width-of-T=
ype.html#Width-of-Type">Width of Type</a>:            How many bits does an=
 integer type hold?=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Range=
-of-Type.html#Range-of-Type">Range of Type</a>:            What are the lar=
gest and smallest values
			     that an integer type can hold?=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Type-Macros.html#Floating-Type-Macros">Floating Type Macros</a>:     Pa=
rameters that measure the floating point types.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Struc=
ture-Measurement.html#Structure-Measurement">Structure Measurement</a>:  =
  Getting measurements on structure types.

</li></ul>
<p>Floating Type Macros

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Floating-P=
oint-Concepts.html#Floating-Point-Concepts">Floating Point Concepts</a>: =
     Definitions of terminology.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Float=
ing-Point-Parameters.html#Floating-Point-Parameters">Floating Point Paramet=
ers</a>:    Details of specific macros.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/IEEE-=
Floating-Point.html#IEEE-Floating-Point">IEEE Floating Point</a>:        =
  The measurements for one common
                                 representation.

</li></ul>
<p>Installation

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Configurin=
g-and-compiling.html#Configuring-and-compiling">Configuring and compiling</=
a>:    How to compile and test GNU libc.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Runni=
ng-make-install.html#Running-make-install">Running make install</a>:     =
    How to install it once you've got it
 compiled.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tools=
-for-Compilation.html#Tools-for-Compilation">Tools for Compilation</a>:  =
      You'll need these first.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Linux=
.html#Linux">Linux</a>:                        Specific advice for GNU/Linu=
x systems.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Repor=
ting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>:               So they'll=
 get fixed.

</li></ul>
<p>Maintenance

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Source-Lay=
out.html#Source-Layout">Source Layout</a>:          How to add new function=
s or header files
                             to the GNU C Library.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Porti=
ng.html#Porting">Porting</a>:                How to port the GNU C Library=
 to
                             a new machine or operating system.

</li></ul>
<p>Source Layout

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Adding-Pla=
tform_002dspecific.html#Adding-Platform_002dspecific">Platform</a>:      =
        Adding platform-specific
                                         features.

</li></ul>
<p>Porting

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hierarchy-=
Conventions.html#Hierarchy-Conventions">Hierarchy Conventions</a>:       =
 The layout of the <samp><span class=3D"file">sysdeps</span></samp> hierarc=
hy.=20
</li><li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Porti=
ng-to-Unix.html#Porting-to-Unix">Porting to Unix</a>:              Porting=
 the library to an average
                                   Unix-like system.

</li></ul>
<p>Platform

</p>
<ul class=3D"menu">
<li><a href=3D"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/PowerPC.ht=
ml#PowerPC">PowerPC</a>:            Facilities Specific to the PowerPC Arch=
itecture
</li></ul>

  =20

<object style=3D"position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;" type=3D"applicat=
ion/gas-events-bb" id=3D"781bea68-78a9-bcbb-5b69-a9b89983a89e" height=3D"0"=
 width=3D"0"></object><object style=3D"position: absolute; left: 0px; top:=
 0px;" type=3D"application/gas-events-cef" id=3D"48b8b8a9-2b6b-ae81-1aba-ea=
b4b8869bbc" height=3D"0" width=3D"0"></object></body></html>