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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><html><head>
<meta http-equiv=3D"content-type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dwindows-1=
252"><title> NCURSES Programming HOWTO </title><meta name=3D"GENERATOR" con=
tent=3D"Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><link rel=3D"NEXT" tit=
le=3D"Introduction" href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO=
/intro.html"></head><body class=3D"ARTICLE" alink=3D"#0000FF" bgcolor=3D"#F=
FFFFF" link=3D"#0000FF" text=3D"#000000" vlink=3D"#840084"><div class=3D"AR=
TICLE"><div class=3D"TITLEPAGE"><h1 class=3D"TITLE"><a name=3D"AEN2"></a>NC=
URSES Programming HOWTO</h1><h3 class=3D"AUTHOR"><a name=3D"AEN4"> Pradeep=
   Padala </a></h3><div class=3D"AFFILIATION"><div class=3D"ADDRESS"><p cla=
ss=3D"ADDRESS"><tt class=3D"EMAIL">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:ppadala@gmail.com"=
>ppadala@gmail.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div><p class=3D"PUBDATE">v1.9,=
 2005-06-20<br></p><div class=3D"REVHISTORY"><table border=3D"0" width=3D"1=
00%"><tbody><tr><th colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT" valign=3D"TOP"><b>Revision=
 History</b></th></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.9</td><td align=3D"=
LEFT">2005-06-20</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td></tr><tr><t=
d colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">The license has been changed to the MIT-styl=
e license used
        by NCURSES. Note that the programs are also re-licensed under this.=
</td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.8</td><td align=3D"LEFT">2005-0=
6-17</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td></tr><tr><td colspan=3D=
"3" align=3D"LEFT">Lots of updates. Added references and perl examples.
        Changes to examples. Many grammatical and stylistic changes to the
        content. Changes to NCURSES history.</td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT=
">Revision 1.7.1</td><td align=3D"LEFT">2002-06-25</td><td align=3D"LEFT">R=
evised by: ppadala</td></tr><tr><td colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">Added a RE=
ADME file for building and instructions
        for building from source.</td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision=
 1.7</td><td align=3D"LEFT">2002-06-25</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by:=
 ppadala</td></tr><tr><td colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">Added "Other formats=
" section and made a lot of fancy=20
        changes to the programs. Inlining of programs is gone.</td></tr><tr=
><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.6.1</td><td align=3D"LEFT">2002-02-24</td><t=
d align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td></tr><tr><td colspan=3D"3" align=
=3D"LEFT">Removed the old Changelog section, cleaned the makefiles</td></tr=
><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.6</td><td align=3D"LEFT">2002-02-16</td>=
<td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td></tr><tr><td colspan=3D"3" align=
=3D"LEFT">Corrected a lot of spelling mistakes, added ACS variables
        section</td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.5</td><td align=
=3D"LEFT">2002-01-05</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td></tr><t=
r><td colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">Changed structure to present proper TOC<=
/td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.3.1</td><td align=3D"LEFT">2001-=
07-26</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td></tr><tr><td colspan=
=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">Corrected maintainers paragraph, Corrected stable rel=
ease number</td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.3</td><td align=3D"L=
EFT">2001-07-24</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td></tr><tr><td=
 colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">Added copyright notices to main document (LDP=
 license)
        and programs (GPL), Corrected
        printw_example.</td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision 1.2</td><t=
d align=3D"LEFT">2001-06-05</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by: ppadala</td>=
</tr><tr><td colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">Incorporated ravi's changes. Main=
ly to introduction, menu,=20
        form, justforfun sections</td></tr><tr><td align=3D"LEFT">Revision=
 1.1</td><td align=3D"LEFT">2001-05-22</td><td align=3D"LEFT">Revised by:=
 ppadala</td></tr><tr><td colspan=3D"3" align=3D"LEFT">Added "a word about=
 window" section, Added scanw_example.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div>=
<div class=3D"ABSTRACT"><a name=3D"AEN67"></a><p></p><p>    <em>This docume=
nt is intended to be an "All in One" guide for programming with=20
ncurses and its sister libraries. We graduate from a simple "Hello World"=20
program to more complex form manipulation. No prior experience in ncurses=
 is=20
assumed. Send comments to <a href=3D"mailto:ppadala@gmail.com" target=3D"_t=
op">this address</a>
    </em>
    </p><p></p></div></div><hr></div><div class=3D"TOC"><dl><dt><b>Table of=
 Contents</b></dt><dt>1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programmi=
ng-HOWTO/intro.html">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1.1. <a href=3D"http:=
//tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/intro.html#WHATIS">What is NCURS=
ES?</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-H=
OWTO/intro.html#WHATCANWEDO">What we can do with NCURSES</a></dt><dt>1.3.=
 <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/intro.html#WHER=
ETOGETIT">Where to get it</a></dt><dt>1.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO=
/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/intro.html#PURPOSE">Purpose/Scope of the documen=
t</a></dt><dt>1.5. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOW=
TO/intro.html#ABOUTPROGRAMS">About the Programs</a></dt><dt>1.6. <a href=3D=
"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/intro.html#OTHERFORMATS">O=
ther Formats of the document</a></dt><dt>1.7. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HO=
WTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/intro.html#CREDITS">Credits</a></dt><dt>1.8.=
 <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/intro.html#WISH=
LIST">Wish List</a></dt><dt>1.9. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-P=
rogramming-HOWTO/intro.html#COPYRIGHT">Copyright</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2.=
 <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/helloworld.html=
">Hello World !!!</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>2.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO=
/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/helloworld.html#COMPILECURSES">Compiling With th=
e NCURSES Library</a></dt><dt>2.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES=
-Programming-HOWTO/helloworld.html#DISSECTION">Dissection</a></dt></dl></dd=
><dt>3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/gory.htm=
l">The Gory Details</a></dt><dt>4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES=
-Programming-HOWTO/init.html">Initialization</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4.1. <a hr=
ef=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/init.html#ABOUTINIT">=
Initialization functions</a></dt><dt>4.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/=
NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/init.html#RAWCBREAK">raw() and cbreak()</a></dt><=
dt>4.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/init.htm=
l#ECHONOECHO">echo() and noecho()</a></dt><dt>4.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.o=
rg/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/init.html#KEYPAD">keypad()</a></dt><dt>4=
.5. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/init.html#HA=
LFDELAY">halfdelay()</a></dt><dt>4.6. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCUR=
SES-Programming-HOWTO/init.html#MISCINIT">Miscellaneous Initialization func=
tions</a></dt><dt>4.7. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming=
-HOWTO/init.html#INITEX">An Example</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href=3D"htt=
p://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/awordwindows.html">A Word abou=
t Windows</a></dt><dt>6. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programmi=
ng-HOWTO/printw.html">Output functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6.1. <a href=3D"=
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/printw.html#ADDCHCLASS">add=
ch() class of functions</a></dt><dt>6.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/N=
CURSES-Programming-HOWTO/printw.html#AEN298">mvaddch(), waddch() and mvwadd=
ch()</a></dt><dt>6.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-=
HOWTO/printw.html#PRINTWCLASS">printw() class of functions</a></dt><dt>6.4.=
 <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/printw.html#ADD=
STRCLASS">addstr() class of functions</a></dt><dt>6.5. <a href=3D"http://tl=
dp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/printw.html#ACAUTION">A word of caut=
ion</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Progr=
amming-HOWTO/scanw.html">Input functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>7.1. <a href=
=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/scanw.html#GETCHCLASS">=
getch() class of functions</a></dt><dt>7.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWT=
O/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/scanw.html#SCANWCLASS">scanw() class of functio=
ns</a></dt><dt>7.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HO=
WTO/scanw.html#GETSTRCLASS">getstr() class of functions</a></dt><dt>7.4. <a=
 href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/scanw.html#GETSTRE=
X">Some examples</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>8. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/=
NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/attrib.html">Attributes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>8.1.=
 <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/attrib.html#ATT=
RIBDETAILS">The details</a></dt><dt>8.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/N=
CURSES-Programming-HOWTO/attrib.html#ATTRONVSATTRSET">attron() vs attrset()=
</a></dt><dt>8.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWT=
O/attrib.html#ATTR_GET">attr_get()</a></dt><dt>8.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.=
org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/attrib.html#ATTR_FUNCS">attr_ functions=
</a></dt><dt>8.5. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWT=
O/attrib.html#WATTRFUNCS">wattr functions</a></dt><dt>8.6. <a href=3D"http:=
//tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/attrib.html#CHGAT">chgat() funct=
ions</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Prog=
ramming-HOWTO/windows.html">Windows</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>9.1. <a href=3D"htt=
p://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/windows.html#WINDOWBASICS">The=
 basics</a></dt><dt>9.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programmi=
ng-HOWTO/windows.html#LETBEWINDOW">Let there be a Window !!!</a></dt><dt>9.=
3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/windows.html#=
BORDEREXEXPL">Explanation</a></dt><dt>9.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO=
/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/windows.html#OTHERSTUFF">The other stuff in the=
 example</a></dt><dt>9.5. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programm=
ing-HOWTO/windows.html#OTHERBORDERFUNCS">Other Border functions</a></dt></d=
l></dd><dt>10. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/c=
olor.html">Colors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>10.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWT=
O/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/color.html#COLORBASICS">The basics</a></dt><dt>=
10.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/color.html=
#CHANGECOLORDEFS">Changing Color Definitions</a></dt><dt>10.3. <a href=3D"h=
ttp://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/color.html#COLORCONTENT">Col=
or Content</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>11. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURS=
ES-Programming-HOWTO/keys.html">Interfacing with the key board</a></dt><dd>=
<dl><dt>11.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ke=
ys.html#KEYSBASICS">The Basics</a></dt><dt>11.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org=
/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/keys.html#SIMPLEKEYEX">A Simple Key Usage=
 example</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>12. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES=
-Programming-HOWTO/mouse.html">Interfacing with the mouse</a></dt><dd><dl><=
dt>12.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/mouse.h=
tml#MOUSEBASICS">The Basics</a></dt><dt>12.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HO=
WTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/mouse.html#GETTINGEVENTS">Getting the events<=
/a></dt><dt>12.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWT=
O/mouse.html#MOUSETOGETHER">Putting it all Together</a></dt><dt>12.4. <a hr=
ef=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/mouse.html#MISCMOUSEF=
UNCS">Miscellaneous Functions</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>13. <a href=3D"http://t=
ldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/screen.html">Screen Manipulation</a=
></dt><dd><dl><dt>13.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programmin=
g-HOWTO/screen.html#GETYX">getyx() functions</a></dt><dt>13.2. <a href=3D"h=
ttp://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/screen.html#SCREENDUMP">Scre=
en Dumping</a></dt><dt>13.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Progr=
amming-HOWTO/screen.html#WINDOWDUMP">Window Dumping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>1=
4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/misc.html">Mi=
scellaneous features</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>14.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/H=
OWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/misc.html#CURSSET">curs_set()</a></dt><dt>14=
.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/misc.html#TE=
MPLEAVE">Temporarily Leaving Curses mode</a></dt><dt>14.3. <a href=3D"http:=
//tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/misc.html#ACSVARS">ACS_ variable=
s</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>15. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Progra=
mming-HOWTO/otherlib.html">Other libraries</a></dt><dt>16. <a href=3D"http:=
//tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/panels.html">Panel Library</a></=
dt><dd><dl><dt>16.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-H=
OWTO/panels.html#PANELBASICS">The Basics</a></dt><dt>16.2. <a href=3D"http:=
//tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/panels.html#COMPILEPANELS">Compi=
ling With the Panels Library</a></dt><dt>16.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/H=
OWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/panels.html#PANELBROWSING">Panel Window Brow=
sing</a></dt><dt>16.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming=
-HOWTO/panels.html#USERPTRUSING">Using User Pointers</a></dt><dt>16.5. <a=
 href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/panels.html#PANELM=
OVERESIZE">Moving and Resizing Panels</a></dt><dt>16.6. <a href=3D"http://t=
ldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/panels.html#PANELSHOWHIDE">Hiding=
 and Showing Panels</a></dt><dt>16.7. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCUR=
SES-Programming-HOWTO/panels.html#PANELABOVE">panel_above() and panel_below=
() Functions</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>17. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCU=
RSES-Programming-HOWTO/menus.html">Menus Library</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>17.1.=
 <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/menus.html#MENU=
BASICS">The Basics</a></dt><dt>17.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURS=
ES-Programming-HOWTO/menus.html#COMPILEMENUS">Compiling With the Menu Libra=
ry</a></dt><dt>17.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-H=
OWTO/menus.html#MENUDRIVER">Menu Driver: The work horse of the menu system<=
/a></dt><dt>17.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWT=
O/menus.html#MENUWINDOWS">Menu Windows</a></dt><dt>17.5. <a href=3D"http://=
tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/menus.html#SCROLLMENUS">Scrolling=
 Menus</a></dt><dt>17.6. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programmi=
ng-HOWTO/menus.html#MULTICOLUMN">Multi Columnar Menus</a></dt><dt>17.7. <a=
 href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/menus.html#MULTIVA=
LUEMENUS">Multi Valued Menus</a></dt><dt>17.8. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/H=
OWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/menus.html#MENUOPT">Menu Options</a></dt><dt=
>17.9. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/menus.htm=
l#MENUUSERPTR">The useful User Pointer</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>18. <a href=3D=
"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/forms.html">Forms Library<=
/a></dt><dd><dl><dt>18.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programm=
ing-HOWTO/forms.html#FORMBASICS">The Basics</a></dt><dt>18.2. <a href=3D"ht=
tp://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/forms.html#COMPILEFORMS">Comp=
iling With the Forms Library</a></dt><dt>18.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/H=
OWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/forms.html#PLAYFIELDS">Playing with Fields</=
a></dt><dt>18.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO=
/forms.html#FORMWINDOWS">Form Windows</a></dt><dt>18.5. <a href=3D"http://t=
ldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/forms.html#FILEDVALIDATE">Field Val=
idation</a></dt><dt>18.6. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programm=
ing-HOWTO/forms.html#FORMDRIVER">Form Driver: The work horse of the forms=
 system</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>19. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-=
Programming-HOWTO/tools.html">Tools and Widget Libraries</a></dt><dd><dl><d=
t>19.1. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/tools.ht=
ml#CDK">CDK (Curses Development Kit)</a></dt><dt>19.2. <a href=3D"http://tl=
dp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/tools.html#DIALOG">The dialog</a></d=
t><dt>19.3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/tool=
s.html#PERLCURSES">Perl Curses Modules CURSES::FORM and CURSES::WIDGETS</a>=
</dt></dl></dd><dt>20. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming=
-HOWTO/justforfun.html">Just For Fun !!!</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>20.1. <a href=
=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/justforfun.html#GAMEOFL=
IFE">The Game of Life</a></dt><dt>20.2. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NC=
URSES-Programming-HOWTO/justforfun.html#MAGIC">Magic Square</a></dt><dt>20.=
3. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/justforfun.ht=
ml#HANOI">Towers of Hanoi</a></dt><dt>20.4. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWT=
O/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/justforfun.html#QUEENS">Queens Puzzle</a></dt><=
dt>20.5. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/justfor=
fun.html#SHUFFLE">Shuffle</a></dt><dt>20.6. <a href=3D"http://tldp.org/HOWT=
O/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/justforfun.html#TT">Typing Tutor</a></dt></dl><=
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