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Subject: John's Linux Blog: Raspberry Pi
Date: Wed, 04 Dec 2013 20:52:36 -0200
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<h2 class=3D"date-header"><span>Thursday, April 4, 2013</span></h2>

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<a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/2013/04/graphing-inputs-of-pcf8591.ht=
ml">Graphing the inputs of PCF8591</a>
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As discussed in previous posts, the PCF8591 provides up to four analog inpu=
ts. Displaying these inputs as numbers makes it hard to visualise what is=
 really going on so here I will present some code which can graph the value=
s in real time.<br>
<br>
I am still using my demo board from<a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/20=
12/12/i2c-analog-to-digital-converter.html"> I2C Analog to Digital Converte=
r</a>. (Thanks to <a href=3D"http://www.blogger.com/profile/027619643473275=
55776" target=3D"_blank">Martin X</a> for finding the YL-40 the schematic=
 on the <a href=3D"http://brainfyre.wordpress.com/2012/10/25/pcf8591-yl-40-=
ad-da-module-review/" rel=3D"home" title=3D"The BrainFyre Blog">The BrainFy=
re Blog</a>)<br>
<table class=3D"tr-caption-container" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-ri=
ght: auto; text-align: center;" align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspac=
ing=3D"0"><tbody>
<tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"><a href=3D"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-=
vBH1cZlFh4U/UV1RZ-nLNBI/AAAAAAAAAdM/4YkmLimFIlI/s1600/pcf8591.jpg" imageanc=
hor=3D"1" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img src=3D"http=
://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vBH1cZlFh4U/UV1RZ-nLNBI/AAAAAAAAAdM/4YkmLimFIlI/s320/=
pcf8591.jpg" border=3D"0" height=3D"245" width=3D"320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class=3D"tr-caption" style=3D"text-align: center;">DX pcf8591-8-bit=
-a-d-d-a-converter-module-150190 YL-40 schematic</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
It is not clear from the schematic (or looking at the board) but the four=
 inputs are:<br>
<ul>
<li>AIN0 - Jumper P5 - Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)</li>
<li>AIN1 - Jumper P4 - Thermistor</li>
<li>AIN2 - Not connected</li>
<li>AIN3 - Jumper P6 - Potentiometer</li>
</ul>
It also seems that the board has I2C pull-up resistors which are not requir=
ed because the Raspberry Pi already has them. This does not appear to cause=
 any problems.<br>
<br>
So my plan is to graph the four inputs so I can visualise them responding=
 to changes.<br>
<br>
Once again, I don't want to set out to teach C programming but I will be in=
troducing a library called <a href=3D"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_%=
28programming_library%29">curses</a> (actually ncurses) which makes it easy=
 to display a text interface in a terminal window (virtual terminal).<br>
<br>
It will also be able to adjust the analog output value using the + and - ke=
ys. <br>
<br>
I will only add notes where I am doing something new from the example shown=
 in <a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/2013/03/programming-i2c.html">Pro=
gramming I2C</a>.<br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;f=
cntl.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;<br>=
#include &lt;linux/i2c-dev.h&gt;</span></span><br>
We need a new header file<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">#include &lt;ncurses.h&gt;</span></span><b=
r>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><br>int main( int argc, char **argv )<br>{=
<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int i;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int r;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 int fd;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char com=
mand[2];<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char value[=
4];<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 useconds_t delay =3D 2000=
;<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 char *dev =3D "/dev/i2c=
-1";<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int addr =3D 0x48;<br><b=
r>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int j;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int key;</span></span><br>
Here we do some ncurses setup. This will allow us to check for a keyboard=
 key press without having to wait for one to be pressed.<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 initscr();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 noecho();<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 cbreak();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 nodelay(stdscr, true);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 curs_set(0);</span></span><br>
<br>
This will print out a message on the screen (at the current cursor location=
 which is the top left)<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 printw("PCF8591");</span></span><br>
<br>
<br>
This will print out some labels for our graph bars. The text is printed at=
 the specified location (row, column)<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 mvaddstr(10, 0, "Brightness");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 mvaddstr(12, 0, "Temperature");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0 mvaddstr(14, 0, "?");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 mvaddstr(16, 0, "Resistor");</span></span><br>
<br>
We must now call refresh which will cause ncurses to update the screen with=
 our changes <br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 refresh();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 fd =3D open(dev,=
 O_RDWR );<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(fd &lt; 0)<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("Ope=
ning i2c device node\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 return 1;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0 r =3D ioctl(fd, I2C_SLAVE, addr);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(r &lt; 0)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<b=
r>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("Selecting i2c device\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 command[1] =3D 0;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 while(1=
)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 for(i=
 =3D 0; i &lt; 4; i++)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[0] =3D 0x40 | ((i + 1) &amp;=
 0x03); // output enable | read input i<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D write(fd, &amp;command, 2);<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 usleep(delay);=
<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 // th=
e read is always one step behind the selected input<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D read(fd, &amp;value[i],=
 1);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if=
(r !=3D 1)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("reading i2c device\n"=
);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 usleep(dela=
y);</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0</span></span>The full range of the=
 analog value 0 - 255 would not fit on most screens so we scale down by a=
 factor of 4. This should fit on a 80x25 terminal nicely.<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 value[i] =3D value[i] / 4;</span></span><br>
<br>
<br>
Position the cursor at the start of the bar <br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 move(10 + i + i, 12);</span></span><br>
For each position in the graph, either draw a * to show the value or a spac=
e to remove any * that might be there from a previous value <br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 for(j =3D 0; j &lt; 64; j++)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 if(j &lt; value[i])<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 addch('*');<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 else<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 addch(' ');<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 refresh();</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0</span></span>Check the keyboard and=
 process the keypress<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 key =3D getch();<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 if(key =3D=3D 43)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[1]++;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 }<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 else if(key =3D=3D 45)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[1]--;<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 else if(key &gt; -1)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 br=
eak;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<=
/span></span><br>
<br>
Shutdown ncurses<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 endwin();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 close(fd);<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 printf("%d\n", key);<br>=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 return(0);<br>}</span></span><br>
<br>
<br>
To compile this program you need to use a new flag -l which says to link wi=
th the spcecified library (ncurses)<br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">gcc=
 -Wall -o pcf8591d-graph pcf8591d-graph.c -lncurses </span><br>
<br>
When you run the program you should see something like this:<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">PCF8591<br><br><br>Brightness=C2=A0 ******=
***********************************************<br><br>Temperature ********=
***********************************************<br><br>?=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 *********************<br><br>Res=
istor=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 *****************************************</span></s=
pan><br>
<br>
While it is running the graphs should move as you change the inputs. Try fo=
r example shining a torch on the LDR or adjusting the Pot.<br>
<br>
You can adjust the green LED with + and - (hint, use - to go from 0 to 255=
 for maximum effect). Any other key will cause the program to quit.<br>
<br>
The graph shows nicely how the inputs can change but it also shows how the=
 value can fluctuate without any input changes. I can't explain exactly why=
 but I would expect much of the fluctuation is because of the lack of a sta=
ble external clock/oscillator and/or instability in the reference voltage.=
 Needless to say this is a low cost demo board and may not be exploiting th=
e full potential of the PCF8591.<br>
<br>
Here is the complete source code (<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier=
 New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">pcf8591d-graph.c</span>):<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;f=
cntl.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;<br>=
#include &lt;linux/i2c-dev.h&gt;</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">#include &lt;ncurses.h&gt;</span></span><b=
r>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><br>int main( int argc, char **argv )<br>{=
<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int i;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int r;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 int fd;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char com=
mand[2];<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char value[=
4];<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 useconds_t delay =3D 2000=
;<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 char *dev =3D "/dev/i2c=
-1";<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int addr =3D 0x48;<br><b=
r>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int j;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int key;</span></span><br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 initscr();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 noecho();<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 cbreak();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 nodelay(stdscr, true);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 curs_set(0);</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 printw("PCF8591");</span></span><br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 mvaddstr(10, 0, "Brightness");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 mvaddstr(12, 0, "Temperature");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0 mvaddstr(14, 0, "?");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 mvaddstr(16, 0, "Resistor");</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 refresh();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 fd =3D open(dev,=
 O_RDWR );<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(fd &lt; 0)<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("Ope=
ning i2c device node\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 return 1;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0 r =3D ioctl(fd, I2C_SLAVE, addr);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(r &lt; 0)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<b=
r>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("Selecting i2c device\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 command[1] =3D 0;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 while(1=
)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 for(i=
 =3D 0; i &lt; 4; i++)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[0] =3D 0x40 | ((i + 1) &amp;=
 0x03); // output enable | read input i<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D write(fd, &amp;command, 2);<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 usleep(delay);=
<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 // th=
e read is always one step behind the selected input<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D read(fd, &amp;value[i],=
 1);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if=
(r !=3D 1)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("reading i2c device\n"=
);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 usleep(dela=
y);</span></span><br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 value[i] =3D value[i] / 4;</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 move(10 + i + i, 12);</span></span><br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 for(j =3D 0; j &lt; 64; j++)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 if(j &lt; value[i])<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 addch('*');<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 else<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 addch(' ');<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 }</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 refresh();</span></span><b=
r>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 key =3D getch();<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 if(key =3D=3D 43)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[1]++;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 }<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 else if(key =3D=3D 45)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[1]--;<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 else if(key &gt; -1)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 br=
eak;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<=
/span></span><br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 endwin();<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 close(fd);<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 printf("%d\n", key);<br>=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 return(0);<br>}</span></span><br>
<br>
<div style=3D"clear: both;"></div>
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         =20

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       =20
<h2 class=3D"date-header"><span>Saturday, March 2, 2013</span></h2>

          <div class=3D"date-posts">
       =20
<div class=3D"post-outer">
<div class=3D"post hentry" itemprop=3D"blogPost" itemscope=3D"itemscope" it=
emtype=3D"http://schema.org/BlogPosting">
<meta content=3D"5713202502974724792" itemprop=3D"blogId">
<meta content=3D"2467033557907245" itemprop=3D"postId">
<a name=3D"2467033557907245"></a>
<h3 class=3D"post-title entry-title" itemprop=3D"name">
<a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/2013/03/programming-i2c.html">Program=
ming I2C</a>
</h3>
<div class=3D"post-header">
<div class=3D"post-header-line-1"></div>
</div>
<div class=3D"post-body entry-content" id=3D"post-body-2467033557907245" it=
emprop=3D"description articleBody">
Although you can perform simple i2c reads and writes using the command line=
 tools <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospac=
e;">i2cget</span> and <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,C=
ourier,monospace;">i2cset</span>, for a more integrated approach you can us=
e a programming language to talk to the bus.<br>
<br>
The are dozens of languages which make claims about ease of use and learnin=
g etc. and I am sure you can program i2c from them.<br>
<br>
What I will demonstrate here is the simple way to do it from c. Although I=
 don't aim to teach how to program in c, I will try and explain what the co=
de is doing so you can follow along even if you are new to c.<br>
<br>
This will use some basic i2c read and writes as described at=C2=A0 <a href=
=3D"http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface">http://www.k=
ernel.org/doc/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface</a> <br>
We will also need to perform some IO Control (ioctl) which are i2c specific=
.<br>
<br>
First we need some code to get us started. The <span style=3D"font-family:=
 &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">#include</span> basicly make=
 certain function calls and constants available to the rest of our program.=
<br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">#in=
clude &lt;stdio.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;unistd.h&=
gt;<br>#include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;linux/i2c-dev.h&gt;</sp=
an><br>
<br>
All of our code will live in the main function for now. <span style=3D"font=
-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">main()</span> is where=
 all c programs start.<br>
<br>
We need some variables which must be declared at the start of the function.=
<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">int=
 main( int argc, char **argv )<br>{<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0 int i;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int r;<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int fd;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char command[2];<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char value[4];<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 useconds_t delay =3D 2000;<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 char *dev =3D "/dev/i2c-1";<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int addr =3D 0x48;</span><br>
<br>
The <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"=
>[ ]</span> syntax means an array so <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Cour=
ier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">char command[2]</span> is actually a vari=
able which can hold 2 char values.<br>
<br>
Some of our variables have been initialised to specific values so they are=
 ready to use. The ones which have not been initialised will contain random=
 values so we must assign a value to them before they can be used.<br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">0x4=
8</span> means hexadecimal 48 (which is decimal 72).<br>
<br>
Next we print out a banner to show that the program is running<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">pri=
ntf("PCF8591 Test\n");</span><br>
<br>
The we get down to business and open the i2c device<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 fd =3D open(dev, O_RDWR );<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(fd &lt; 0)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("Opening i2c device no=
de\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 return 1;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 }</span><br>
<br>
and select our slave device<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D ioctl(fd, I2C_SLAVE, addr);<b=
r>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(r &lt; 0)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("Selecting i2c=
 device\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }</span><br>
<br>
Now we have an infinite loop<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 while(1)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {</span><br>
There will be no way to end the program except by pressing Control C.<br>
<br>
Next we have another loop which will run four times<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 for(i =3D 0; i &lt; 4; i++)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {</span><br>
Then we build a command for the pcf8591. The value of this is specified in=
 the data sheet <a href=3D"http://doc.chipfind.ru/pdf/philips/pca8591.pdf">=
http://doc.chipfind.ru/pdf/philips/pca8591.pdf</a><br>
<br>
In the first 8 bits of the command we will enable the analog output bit (<s=
pan style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">0x40<=
/span>) and select which of the 4 inputs to read (<span style=3D"font-famil=
y: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">(i + 1) &amp; 0x03</span>).=
 We do a bitwise or to combine these values together with the <span style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">|</span> symbo=
l.<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">com=
mand[0] =3D 0x40 | ((i + 1) &amp; 0x03); // output enable | read input i</s=
pan><br>
<br>
The <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"=
>//</span> is the start of a comment so you can explain you code to the rea=
der. <br>
<br>
In the next 8 bits we increment the value for the analog output<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">com=
mand[1]++;</span><br>
<br>
Now we are ready to send the command to the i2c bus<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">r=
 =3D write(fd, &amp;command, 2);</span><br>
<br>
It is not clear why, but we need to wait for the command to be processed<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">usl=
eep(delay);</span><br>
<br>
Now we are ready to read a value. Remembering that the read is always one=
 value behind the selected input (hence the +1 we used above).<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">r=
 =3D read(fd, &amp;value[i], 1);<br>if(r !=3D 1)<br>{<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("reading i2c device\n");<br>}<br>usleep(del=
ay);</span><br>
<br>
Then we end the loop <br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }</span><br>
and now we can print out our results<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 printf("0x%02x 0x%02x 0x%02x 0x%02x=
\n", value[0], value[1], value[2], value[3]);</span><br>
<br>
end our infinite loop<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }</span><br>
<br>
and although we may never reach here, we will clean up and quit.<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=C2=
=A0 close(fd);<br>=C2=A0 return(0);<br>}</span><br>
<br>
Now, if you enter all the code into a file called <span style=3D"font-famil=
y: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">pcf8591d.c</span> (you can=
 copy the complete code as show below) then you are ready to compile it wit=
h this command<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">gcc=
 -Wall -o pcf8591d pcf8591d.c </span><br>
This says to compile the <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot=
;,Courier,monospace;">.c</span> file and write the output (<span style=3D"f=
ont-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">-o</span>) to <span=
 style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">pcf8591d=
</span> (if you don't specify an output file the default of <span style=3D"=
font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">a.out</span> will=
 be used which can be a but confusing). <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;C=
ourier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">-Wall</span> will make sure all warnin=
gs are printed out by the compiler.<br>
<br>
Assuming the compile (and link) was successful you are ready to run<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">./p=
cf8591d</span><br>
and you should see output like this:<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">PCF=
8591 Test<br>0x5f 0xd3 0xac 0x80<br>0xc1 0xd3 0xae 0x80<br>0xc1 0xd3 0xb0=
 0x80<br>0xc1 0xd3 0xb2 0x80<br>0xc1 0xd3 0xb7 0x80<br>0xc1 0xd3 0xba 0x80<=
br>0xc1 0xd3 0xde 0x80<br>0xc1 0xd3 0xdc 0x80<br>0xc1 0xd3 0xe0 0x80</span>=
<br>
To stop the program press ^c (Control + C).<br>
<br>
Here is the complete source code:<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;f=
cntl.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;<br>#include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;<br>=
#include &lt;linux/i2c-dev.h&gt;</span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"></span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><br>// W<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;=
">ritten by John Newbigin jnewbigin@<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">chr=
ysocome.net</span></span> </span></span><br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">// Based on info from http://www.kernel.or=
g/doc/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface<br>// And http://doc.chipfind.ru/pdf/=
philips/pca8591.pdf<br><br>int main( int argc, char **argv )<br>{<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int i;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int r;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int fd=
;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char command[2];<b=
r>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 unsigned char value[4];<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 useconds_t delay =3D 2000;<br><br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 char *dev =3D "/dev/i2c-1";<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 int addr =3D 0x48;<br><br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 printf("PCF8591 Test\n");<br><br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 fd =3D open(dev, O_RDWR );<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(fd &lt; 0)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("Opening i2c device no=
de\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 return 1;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D ioctl(f=
d, I2C_SLAVE, addr);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(r &lt=
; 0)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 pe=
rror("Selecting i2c device\n");<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 while(1)<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 for(i =3D 0; i &l=
t; 4; i++)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[0] =3D 0x40 | ((i + 1) &amp; 0x03); // out=
put enable | read input i<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 command[1]++;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D write(fd, &amp;command, 2);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 usleep(delay);<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 // the read is=
 always one step behind the selected input<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 r =3D read(fd, &amp;value[i], 1);<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 if(r !=3D=
 1)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {<=
br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 perror("reading i2c device\n");<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 usleep(delay);<br=
>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 printf("0x%02x 0x%02x 0x%02x 0x%02x=
\n", value[0], value[1], value[2], value[3]);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 }<br><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 clos=
e(fd);<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 return(0);<br>}</span>=
</span><br>
In the next blog I will improve the output to print a graph of the values=
 so you can see them move up and down.<br>
<br>
<br>
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<h2 class=3D"date-header"><span>Sunday, January 13, 2013</span></h2>

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<h3 class=3D"post-title entry-title" itemprop=3D"name">
<a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/2013/01/the-raspberry-pi-needs-home.h=
tml">The Raspberry Pi needs a home</a>
</h3>
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<div class=3D"post-header-line-1"></div>
</div>
<div class=3D"post-body entry-content" id=3D"post-body-3127055014125156274"=
 itemprop=3D"description articleBody">
While out shopping for a book case I saw a classic old tape deck. I have no=
t got any cassettes so it was of no value for playing tapes but the retro=
 appeal had me thinking. Easily large enough for a Raspberry Pi and some re=
lay boards. This is the case mod that I need to house my project.<br>
<br>
<table class=3D"tr-caption-container" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-ri=
ght: auto; text-align: center;" align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspac=
ing=3D"0"><tbody>
<tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"><a href=3D"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-=
XAE0Jehdf-k/UO6zGyt3kkI/AAAAAAAAABY/TvDrlzU53LA/s1600/IMG_20130110_215839.j=
pg" imageanchor=3D"1" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img=
 src=3D"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XAE0Jehdf-k/UO6zGyt3kkI/AAAAAAAAABY/TvDrl=
zU53LA/s320/IMG_20130110_215839.jpg" border=3D"0" height=3D"147" width=3D"3=
20"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class=3D"tr-caption" style=3D"text-align: center;">Pioneer CT-F500=
 Stereo Cassette Tape Deck.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
After pulling the case off I was impressed with the internals. I can re-use=
 the power socket and switch. The transformer is easily removed and provide=
s a small earthed shelf where I can mount my new power supplies from DX.<br>
<br>
Next to make some more room in there. I wanted to keep as many wires as pos=
sible to make it easier to use the existing plugs, switches &amp; outputs.=
 Needless to say, this puppy won't be playing any more tapes!<br>
<br>
After pulling out some boards labelled 'Dolby' I though, 'I wonder how much=
 they are worth?' And then I though, 'I wonder how much a working unit is=
 worth?' A quick google showed that in the right condition and for the righ=
t buyer it might be worth a few hundred dollars. Well we will never know if=
 this unit worked (although I assume that it did). It seems to be in extrem=
ely good condition (a bit of finger grime and a price tag on the front shou=
ld clean off easily). When I am finished with it, I think it will be pricel=
ess.<br>
<br>
First I hooked up the 5v power to make sure that it works. Yes it does!<br>
<table class=3D"tr-caption-container" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-ri=
ght: auto; text-align: center;" align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspac=
ing=3D"0"><tbody>
<tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"><a href=3D"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-=
M_sWxwaSl9k/UO_uzYQsjeI/AAAAAAAAADg/OVbRg6QRo04/s1600/IMG_20130111_200208.j=
pg" imageanchor=3D"1" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img=
 src=3D"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M_sWxwaSl9k/UO_uzYQsjeI/AAAAAAAAADg/OVbRg=
6QRo04/s320/IMG_20130111_200208.jpg" border=3D"0" height=3D"320" width=3D"2=
40"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class=3D"tr-caption" style=3D"text-align: center;">Raspberry Pi get=
ting to know it's new home.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
<br>
Next I set about wiring in the 5v and 12v power trying to keep it neat and=
 safe. The two power supplies fit side by side like it was designed that wa=
y. Then I wrestled in some 240v wires and presto, working power. I think it=
 needs some tape though to keep things safe.<br>
<br>
<table class=3D"tr-caption-container" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-ri=
ght: auto; text-align: center;" align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspac=
ing=3D"0"><tbody>
<tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"><a href=3D"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-=
HypRBYdH_zg/UO_taR8gqHI/AAAAAAAAADQ/o_LVW0X2jQI/s1600/IMG_20130111_210516.j=
pg" imageanchor=3D"1" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img=
 src=3D"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HypRBYdH_zg/UO_taR8gqHI/AAAAAAAAADQ/o_LVW=
0X2jQI/s320/IMG_20130111_210516.jpg" border=3D"0" height=3D"240" width=3D"3=
20"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class=3D"tr-caption" style=3D"text-align: center;">5v and 12v power=
 installed and working.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Next I think the cassette motor needs to come out to make some more room.
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raspberry-pi-needs-home.html" rel=3D"bookmark" title=3D"permanent link"><ab=
br class=3D"published" itemprop=3D"datePublished" title=3D"2013-01-13T15:19=
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<h2 class=3D"date-header"><span>Thursday, January 10, 2013</span></h2>

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emtype=3D"http://schema.org/BlogPosting">
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<h3 class=3D"post-title entry-title" itemprop=3D"name">
<a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/2013/01/i2c-16bit-io-extender.html">I=
2C 16bit IO extender</a>
</h3>
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<div class=3D"post-header-line-1"></div>
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 itemprop=3D"description articleBody">
The PCA9555 is a 16 bit IO chip which interfaces with I2C. Each of the 16=
 bits can be individually configured as a digital input or digital output.<=
br>
<br>
<table class=3D"tr-caption-container" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-ri=
ght: auto; text-align: center;" align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspac=
ing=3D"0"><tbody>
<tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"><a href=3D"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-=
j0ynVTV5Pn8/UO6Gtv90eMI/AAAAAAAAAAo/_XBOSkOniNw/s1600/IMG_20130109_221417.j=
pg" imageanchor=3D"1" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img=
 src=3D"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j0ynVTV5Pn8/UO6Gtv90eMI/AAAAAAAAAAo/_XBOS=
kOniNw/s320/IMG_20130109_221417.jpg" border=3D"0" height=3D"240" width=3D"3=
20"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class=3D"tr-caption" style=3D"text-align: center;">PCA9555 demo boa=
rd. GPIO pins are on the top.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
<br>
I will be using this to control a bank of relays from my Raspberry Pi. If=
 you are not familiar with I2C on the RPI you might want to look at my post=
s about the PCA8591.<br>
<br>
This time I bought the chip mounted to a board from ebay. I had to solder=
 the header pins to the board so I could connect all the inputs &amp; outpu=
ts. <br>
<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cdetect=
 1</b></span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">WARNING! This program can confuse your=
 I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!</span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">I will probe file /dev/i2c-1.</span></d=
iv>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">I will probe address range 0x03-0x77.</=
span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">Continue? [Y/n] </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 0=C2=A0 1=C2=
=A0 2=C2=A0 3=C2=A0 4=C2=A0 5=C2=A0 6=C2=A0 7=C2=A0 8=C2=A0 9=C2=A0 a=C2=A0=
 b=C2=A0 c=C2=A0 d=C2=A0 e=C2=A0 f</span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">00:=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">20: 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- </span></div>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0</span></span>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<br>
<br>
As expected, the chip shows up at address <span style=3D"font-family: &quot=
;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">0x20</span>. The PCA9555 is programm=
ed by a set of registers. The registers are split up into ports or banks wh=
ich operate on 8 bits at a time. The registers are:<br>
<br>
<ul>
<li>0x00 Select Input values for bank 0 </li>
<li>0x01 Select Input values for bank 1</li>
<li>0x02 Select Output values for bank 0</li>
<li>0x03 Select Output values for bank 1</li>
<li>0x04 Select Polarity Inversion for bank 0</li>
<li>0x05 Select Polarity Inversion for bank 1</li>
<li>0x06 Select IO Configuration for bank 0 <br>(set/1 =3D input (default),=
 clear/0 =3D output)</li>
<li>0x07 Select IO Configuration for bank 1<br>(set/1 =3D input (default),=
 clear/0 =3D output) </li>
</ul>
<br>
To read the first 8 inputs<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">i2cset -y 1 0x20 0x00</span></b></di=
v>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">i2cget -y 1 0x20</span></b></div>
<br>
<br>
To read the next 8 inputs<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">i2cset -y 1 0x20 0x01</span></b></di=
v>
<b><span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Co=
urier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">i2cget -y 1 0x20</span></span></b> <br>
<br>
To set the first 8 bits to be outputs<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">i2cset -y 1 0x20 0x06 0x00</span></b=
></div>
And to turn all the outputs on<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<b><span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">i2cset -y 1 0x20 0x02 0xff</span></b=
></div>
<br>
My next job is to hook up the relay boards but that requires setting up a=
 more permanent power supply which can run the Raspberry Pi, drive the rela=
ys and power the relay devices. Hopefully photos to come soon.
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<h2 class=3D"date-header"><span>Wednesday, December 19, 2012</span></h2>

          <div class=3D"date-posts">
       =20
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<a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/2012/12/i2c-analog-to-digital-convert=
er.html">I2C Analog to Digital Converter</a>
</h3>
<div class=3D"post-header">
<div class=3D"post-header-line-1"></div>
</div>
<div class=3D"post-body entry-content" id=3D"post-body-2469310743398784993"=
 itemprop=3D"description articleBody">
The first device I hooked to my Raspberry Pi is based on the PCF8591 Analog=
 to Digital Converter (ADC). This chip has 4 analog inputs (ADC) and one an=
alog output or Digital to Analog Converter (DAC).<br>
<br>
I am using a pre-assembled board from Deal Extreme which comes with the chi=
p, a temperature sensor, light sensor, variable resistor and LED. This prov=
ides a simple showcase for the chip and more importantly, it has a light se=
nsor which is important to my project. The board was only a few dollars <a=
 href=3D"http://dx.com/p/pcf8591-8-bit-a-d-d-a-converter-module-150190">htt=
p://dx.com/p/pcf8591-8-bit-a-d-d-a-converter-module-150190</a> there are al=
so other similar boards on there.<br>
<br>
<table class=3D"tr-caption-container" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-ri=
ght: auto; text-align: center;" align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspac=
ing=3D"0"><tbody>
<tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"><a href=3D"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-=
-Ji5oyI42vI/UO5xP6XT63I/AAAAAAAAAAQ/QaUF5unZuNc/s1600/IMG_20130109_221525.j=
pg" imageanchor=3D"1" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img=
 src=3D"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--Ji5oyI42vI/UO5xP6XT63I/AAAAAAAAAAQ/QaUF5=
unZuNc/s320/IMG_20130109_221525.jpg" border=3D"0" height=3D"240" width=3D"3=
20"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class=3D"tr-caption" style=3D"text-align: center;">PCF8591 demo boa=
rd. GPIO pins are visible on the right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
<br>
The first step is to physically hook up the board. Mine came with the requi=
red cables (often called dupont cables) which is also a handy way to start.=
 The cables must be connected to the Raspberry Pi GPIO pins nominated for=
 I2C. These have the required 'pull up resistors' already installed. (These=
 are what make the wires operate like a bus). The pins are<br>
<ul>
<li>P1-01 +3.3v (VCC)</li>
<li>P1-03 Data (SDA)</li>
<li>P1-05 Clock (SCL)</li>
<li>P1-09 Ground (GND)</li>
</ul>
<table class=3D"tr-caption-container" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-ri=
ght: auto; text-align: center;" align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspac=
ing=3D"0"><tbody>
<tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"><a href=3D"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-=
lo7cMSRmF-0/UO5x2L9H-SI/AAAAAAAAAAY/SNdRQGBk358/s1600/IMG_20130109_221056.j=
pg" imageanchor=3D"1" style=3D"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img=
 src=3D"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lo7cMSRmF-0/UO5x2L9H-SI/AAAAAAAAAAY/SNdRQ=
GBk358/s320/IMG_20130109_221056.jpg" border=3D"0" height=3D"240" width=3D"3=
20"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class=3D"tr-caption" style=3D"text-align: center;">Raspberry Pi sho=
wing GPIO cables connected.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
<ul>
</ul>
<br>
My demo board has a red power indicator LED which came on once I powered up=
.<br>
<br>
The next big test is to see if the i2c driver can talk to your chip. The Ra=
spberry Pi actually comes configured with two I2C buses and for reasons unk=
nown, on my system the bus labelled I2C0 is allocated the Linux device i2c-=
1.<br>
<br>
Scanning both buses won't hurt.<br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Couri=
er New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cdetect 1</b=
></span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace=
;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">=
WARNING! This program can confuse your I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!<=
/span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"=
><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">I=
 will probe file /dev/i2c-1.</span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier=
 New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier Ne=
w&quot;,Courier,monospace;">I will probe address range 0x03-0x77.</span><br=
 style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><span st=
yle=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">Continue?=
 [Y/n] y</span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,mo=
nospace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monos=
pace;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 0=C2=A0 1=C2=A0 2=C2=A0 3=C2=A0 4=C2=A0 5=
=C2=A0 6=C2=A0 7=C2=A0 8=C2=A0 9=C2=A0 a=C2=A0 b=C2=A0 c=C2=A0 d=C2=A0 e=C2=
=A0 f</span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monos=
pace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospac=
e;">00:=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- </span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier=
 New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier Ne=
w&quot;,Courier,monospace;">10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=
 -- -- </span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,mon=
ospace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monosp=
ace;">20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- </span><br style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><span style=3D=
"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">30: -- -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- </span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot=
;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Co=
urier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 48 -- -- --=
 -- -- -- -- </span><br style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Couri=
er,monospace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,=
monospace;">50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- </span><br=
 style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><span st=
yle=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">60: -- --=
 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- </span><br style=3D"font-family:=
 &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;"><span style=3D"font-family: &q=
uot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0</span></sp=
an><br>
<br>
You can see here that a device has been detected at address 0x48. This is=
 the expected address for my chip so that means we are in business.<br>
<br>
Reading and writing to the chip is quite straight forward but the chip does=
 have a few nuances.=C2=A0 The first read after power on will return 0x80.=
 The analog to digital conversion is performed when you make a read request=
 but the read will return the previous sample so it is always one sample be=
hind. This is not too confusing unless you are switching to read a differen=
t input.<br>
<br>
I will show how to read the data using the command line tools i2cget and i2=
cset. In another blog post I will show how you can interface with the chip=
 from c code.<br>
<br>
All these commands take a parameter 1 to specify which i2c bus and I pass=
 -y which skips the safety warning. (We know what we are doing so this is=
 OK. On other hardware such as your PC, things can and do go wrong by using=
 these commands). <br>
<br>
The most basic read is the default channel (input 0).<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cget -y=
 1 0x48</b> </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">0x80</span></div>
That is the power on status code. Now we read again <br>
<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cget -y=
 1 0x48</b> </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">0xd2</span></div>
That is the value that was sampled when we made our first read (the one tha=
t returned 0x80).<br>
Now cover up the light sensor and read again<br>
<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cget -y=
 1 0x48</b> </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">0xd2</span></div>
Yep, no change. The new value has been sampled so now we read it<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cget -y=
 1 0x48</b> </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">0xeb</span></div>
Now we get the new value.<br>
<br>
Now, switch to read another input, input number 1<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cset -y=
 1 0x48 0x01</b></span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cget -y=
 1 0x48</b> </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">0xeb</span></div>
First we get an old value.<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cget -y=
 1 0x48</b> </span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">0xcf</span></div>
Then the new value<br>
<br>
We can repeat to select channel 2 and 3.<br>
<br>
We can enable the analog output by adding bit 0x40 to the set command and=
 then specify a value for the DAC<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cset -y=
 1 0x48 0x41 0xff</b></span></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<br></div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
And the indicator LED turns on<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;"><b><br></=
b></span></div>
<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
<span style=3D"font-size: x-small;">jnewbigin@raspberrypi:~$ <b>i2cset -y=
 1 0x48 0x41 0x00</b></span></div>
And the indicator LED turns off. You can of course set it to any value betw=
een 0x00 and 0xff and see the LED dim and turn off. (You can also see why=
 LEDs don't make good analog indicators).<br>
<br>
<br>
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<h2 class=3D"date-header"><span>Monday, November 19, 2012</span></h2>

          <div class=3D"date-posts">
       =20
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<h3 class=3D"post-title entry-title" itemprop=3D"name">
<a href=3D"http://blog.chrysocome.net/2012/11/raspberry-pi-i2c.html">Raspbe=
rry Pi I2C</a>
</h3>
<div class=3D"post-header">
<div class=3D"post-header-line-1"></div>
</div>
<div class=3D"post-body entry-content" id=3D"post-body-3423128675336612416"=
 itemprop=3D"description articleBody">
I have a Raspberry Pi and lets face it, who doesn't?<br>
<br>
I have played with linux on many architectures before including PPC, Hitach=
i, MIPS, PA-RISC and Sparc so I figure I had better have a go at ARM too.<b=
r>
<br>
Apart from playing around, I plan to create a light controller module for=
 my garden lights. This will require some hardware hacking which is always=
 a bit of fun but my main plan is to bring it together with some fancy soft=
ware.<br>
<br>
In previous projects I have interfaced with GPIO and I2C to run door contro=
llers and read swipe cards (Mostly on the WRT54G).<br>
<br>
I could not find accurate instructions for getting I2C going on the rpi so=
 here are my instructions for users for raspbian:<br>
<br>
Install some tools <br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
# apt-get install i2c-tools</div>
<br>
edit=C2=A0 <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,mono=
space;">/etc/modprobe.d/raspi-blacklist.conf</span> and comment out the lin=
e<br>
<br>
<br>
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">i2c=
-bcm2708</span><br>
<br>
I don't know why it comes as blacklisted.<br>
<br>
edit <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;=
">/etc/modules</span> and add the lines<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
i2c-bcm2708<br>
i2c-dev</div>
This will make sure the drivers are loaded during the boot.<br>
<br>
create a file <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,m=
onospace;">/etc/udev/rules.d/99-i2c.rules</span> and add the line<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
SUBSYSTEM=3D=3D"i2c-dev", MODE=3D"0666"</div>
This will give all users access to the i2c devices. You could instead set=
 the owner or group but the rpi is not normally being used as a multi-user=
 device<br>
<br>
Now you can test these changes without a reboot:<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
modprobe i2c-bcm2708</div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
modprobe i2c-dev</div>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
udevadm trigger<br>
ls -l /dev/i2c*</div>
<br>
And you should see output like this (Your date will be different):<br>
<div style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">
crw-rw-rwT 1 root i2c 89, 0 Nov 18 22:36 /dev/i2c-0<br>
crw-rw-rwT 1 root i2c 89, 1 Nov 18 22:36 /dev/i2c-1</div>
<br>
If that works, reboot and run the <span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Courier=
 New&quot;,Courier,monospace;">ls</span> again. The devices should be there=
 and have world read/write permissions.<br>
<br>
Now, to connect up some hardware and show that it works. Look for a new blo=
g soon. <br>
<br>
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I can't stand broken software. That is why I like Open Source. I can easily=
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I have written a number of programs that relate to Linux. You can get a lis=
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